Social marketing is based on the adaptation of the contemporary commercial marketing theory and practice as a means of guiding and aiding social change campaigns. This paper draws on recent ...developments in commercial marketing theory and prior work in social marketing definitions to create a new definition of social marketing which integrates the commercial definitions of the American Marketing Association (AMA) and Chartered Instituted of Marketing (CIM) with established social marketing definitions from the past thirty years of social marketing conceptual development. The development of the definition is supported through the use of qualitative research technique of text mining which uncovered a core series of principles consistent to the historical definitions of social marketing. Finally, the new definition also introduces clarification of several key subcomponent elements as part of an expanded definition of social marketing.
In the late 1980s and 1990s, the advanced industrial countries considered replacing the existing analogue television infrastructure with a new digital one. A key common feature to the debates over ...digital TV (DTV) in the United States, Western Europe and Japan was the eventual victory of the ideas of digitalism (the superiority of everything digital over everything analogue) and of digital convergence (the merging of computing, telecommunications and broadcasting infrastructures made possible by digitalization) in public debates over standards. Jeffrey Hart's book shows how nationalism and regionalism combined with digitalism to produce three different and incompatible DTV standards in the three regions, an outcome which has led to missed opportunities in developing the new technologies. Hart's book contributes to our understanding of relations between business and government, and of competition between the world's great economic powers.
Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), usually precipitated by alcohol misuse or viral reactivation, is characterised by rapid onset and usually reversible liver failure. Various definitions of ACLF ...have been proposed and widely used across the globe, including those by APASL, COSSH, EASL-CLIF, Japanese experts, and NACSELD. Although all the definitions have several similarities and connote high short-term mortality, a clear and standardised definition is still lacking, hampering research in this key area. In this review, we discuss the similarities and differences among various definitions and propose steps to harmonise EASL-CLIF, APASL, NACSELD, Japanese, and Chinese definitions of ACLF.
“The unlike is joined together and from differences results the most beautiful harmony”- Heraclitus.
Answering recent calls for a new definition of advertising, we identify three dynamics-(new) media and formats, (new) "consumer" behaviors, and extended effects of advertising-that drive the ...evolution of advertising. Based on these, and a survey of advertising academics and professionals, we formulate an updated working definition of advertising as "brand-initiated communication intent on impacting people." We also test and validate this definition and the three dynamics in a content analysis of recently published advertising research (2010 to 2015). In doing so, we hope to contribute to a more diverse and contemporary development of advertising research.
ICOM’s decision to revise the museum definition
valid as of 2007 was accounted for with the need
to adjust the existing statutory phrasing to meet the challenges
museums face in the 21st century. ...Having adjourned
the vote on the new definition at the Extraordinary General
Assembly in Kyoto in 2019, the organisation suffered a leadership
crisis. In late 2020, in order to reform the management,
a new methodology of working on the definition was
introduced. Its foundation was to be sought in participatory
policy, namely redistribution of authority. Interestingly,
this approach was facilitated by the application of remote
communication forced by the COVID-19 pandemic. In harmony
with the adopted time schedule the extensive and
multi-stage process was to climax with the vote on the adoption/
rejection of the new museum definition during the
subsequent Extraordinary General Assembly in Prague on
24 August 2022. As a result of the participation in consultations
of 126 out of the 178 eligible Committees, the ‘Prague
museum definition’ was phrased as a compromise between
the 2007 statutory definition valid until then and the ‘Kyoto
definition’. On the essential issues, i.e., answering the question:
‘what is a museum?’, it actually retained the earlier regulation:
a museum is a not-for-profit permanent institution.
This yielded the question about the purposefulness of the
works conducted in 2020–2022, based on the new participation
paradigm, which the present paper attempts to answer.
This statement was developed to promote international consensus on the definition of borderline resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (BR-PDAC) which was adopted by the National Comprehensive ...Cancer Network (NCCN) in 2006, but which has changed yearly and become more complicated. Based on a symposium held during the 20th meeting of the International Association of Pancreatology (IAP) in Sendai, Japan, in 2016, the presenters sought consensus on issues related to BR-PDAC. We defined patients with BR-PDAC according to the three distinct dimensions: anatomical (A), biological (B), and conditional (C). Anatomic factors include tumor contact with the superior mesenteric artery and/or celiac artery of less than 180° without showing stenosis or deformity, tumor contact with the common hepatic artery without showing tumor contact with the proper hepatic artery and/or celiac artery, and tumor contact with the superior mesenteric vein and/or portal vein including bilateral narrowing or occlusion without extending beyond the inferior border of the duodenum. Biological factors include potentially resectable disease based on anatomic criteria but with clinical findings suspicious for (but unproven) distant metastases or regional lymph nodes metastases diagnosed by biopsy or positron emission tomography-computed tomography. This also includes a serum carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19–9 level more than 500 units/ml. Conditional factors include the patients with potentially resectable disease based on anatomic and biologic criteria and with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 2 or more. The definition of BR-PDAC requires one or more positive dimensions (e.g. A, B, C, AB, AC, BC or ABC). The present definition acknowledges that resectability is not just about the anatomic relationship between the tumor and vessels, but that biological and conditional dimensions are also important. The aim in presenting this consensus definition is also to highlight issues which remain controversial and require further research.
A Common Language For Competency-Based Education Moreau, Pierre; Koster, Andries S.; Crevier, Françoise
American journal of pharmaceutical education,
06/2024, Letnik:
88, Številka:
6
Journal Article
In this paper, we provide a conceptual framework of the central aspects of mathematical definitions discussed in the mathematics education literature. Based on a systematic literature review, we ...found that characterizations of definitions in the mathematics education literature can be classified into five main themes: requirements, preferred features, role and function, nature, and types of definition. Within each theme, a refined set of aspects was found by means of inductive coding. We discuss each aspect and point out areas where we believe further research is needed. The framework can be used both as a research tool and a didactical tool, as it highlights many aspects of mathematical definitions that call for attention by teachers and researchers.
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