Introduction:
Trends in cancer incidence and mortality are determined by contemporary demographic processes. Breast cancer in women is a particular threat. In Germany, the chances of survival after ...the diagnosis of cancer are among the highest in Europe. The understanding of the latest trends in breast cancer incidence and mortality in Germany and the presentation of the latest screening options, treatment and prevention methods can be used to improve the control of breast cancer in the future.
Aim:
The aim of the research was to present trends in cancer incidence and mortality, with particular emphasis on breast cancer in women in Germany and Poland on the background of contemporary demographic changes relating to the process of population ageing in 2006–2016. The clinical diagnostic process, the treatment of breast cancer and potential risk factors and prevention methods were described.
Material and methods:
In the publication the basic statistical indicators have been applied: absolute numbers, percentages, crude rates, age-standardized rates, and demographic aging index.
Results and discussion:
The cancer mortality in Poland was much higher than in Germany, which is associated with the low five-year survival rate of cancer patients in Poland. The breast cancer was characterized by the highest dynamics in incidence growth with a persistent mortality level.
Conclusions:
Over the last two decades, breast cancer outcomes of patients have improved significantly due to highly individualized breast cancer therapies and the development of breast cancer treatment options such as immunotherapy, hormone receptor-based therapy and HER2 status-based therapy. The main risk factors are age, hormonal situation and inherited risk genes.
Optimal location-allocation of schools is an important issue in urban land use planning. Current models often focus on the perspective of increased land use demand. However, in some areas, a decrease ...in the number of students can result in the reduction in the number of required schools. To approach that, a multi-objective optimization model for school location-allocation considering demographic changes is presented. In this model, firstly candidate locations are selected using physical suitability evaluation. Next, a multi-objective optimization algorithm is used to select the required number of locations among the candidates and allocate population blocks to them in three scenarios.
Three experiments test whether considering a stereotypically lower status group’s social gains leads White Americans to expect political solidarity among stereotypically higher status groups. ...Information about Hispanic population growth (vs. current demographics) led White Americans to expect relative losses to both White and Asian Americans’ statuses (Study 1). Making growing Hispanic political power (vs. control information) salient led Whites to report that Asian Americans and White Americans would support one another’s policy positions more (Studies 2 and 3). Importantly, presenting information that Asian Americans oppose (vs. support) the racial status quo reduced Whites’ perceptions of a White–Asian status-based coalition in response to growing Hispanic power (Study 3), suggesting that disrupting beliefs that Asian Americans will maintain the racial hierarchy reduces expectations of a White–Asian coalition in response to Hispanic growth. This work highlights the utility of moving beyond dyadic conceptualizations of intergroup relations to understand how one group’s gains can shift coalitional expectations in diverse social hierarchies.
Mean retirement age for UK doctors is 59.6 years, giving the average OMFS consultant approximately 20 years of practice. Current pension tax regulations, new consultant posts typically restricted to ...a maximum of 10 sessions (40 hours), increasing proportions of consultants working less than full time (LTFT), all combined with the backlog of elective care created by COVID-19 will create a significant gap between workforce capacity and clinical demand. The age of current OMFS consultants was estimated using the date of their primary medical/dental qualification. Changes in job plans were estimated using data from the BAOMS Workforce Census and from recently advertised posts. Reports of unfilled posts were collated by OMFS Regional Specialty Professional Advisors (RSPAs). First degree dates were identified for 476 OMFS substantive consultant posts. Estimated current average age of OMFS consultants was 52.7 years (minimum 35.9, maximum 72.1), 75th centile age 59.0 and 23% of the current consultant workforce above the average retirement age for doctors. The 10 sessions of new OMFS consultants posts is significantly less than existing consultants' average of 12.1 sessions (48.4 hours). Unfilled consultant posts in Great Britain are 13% of the total compared to 20% in Northern Ireland and Ireland. Many (23%) of the OMFS consultant workforce are above average retirement age. Forty-hour contracts; new consultants working LTFT; and early loss of senior colleagues because of pension pressure will reduce NHS’ capacity to treat OMFS disorders and injuries. This paper suggests increasing consultant posts, increasing trainee numbers, and actively retaining senior surgeons to maintain capacity.
Our goals were to characterize multiannual population changes of the southern red-backed vole (Myodes gapperi) to determine potential cycling behavior, and to specify the possible causes of these ...changes. We analyzed a detailed, 21-year record of changes in abundance of M. gapperi in late successional coniferous forest in southern British Columbia, Canada, from 1995 to 2015. We evaluated 3 hypotheses (H), namely that population changes are related to: (H1) changes in food supply from cone crops of coniferous trees; (H2) changes in forest habitat associated with beetle-killed lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) trees; and (H3) territorial reorganization leading to breeding season declines in abundance. There were 3 cyclic population fluctuations (6- to 7-year periodicity) where red-backed voles reached mean fall numbers of 19–25, 15–16, and 26–27 per ha, respectively; in contrast, only 2–5 voles per ha occurred during population lows. Breeding season declines in abundance occurred in 17 of 21 years, with particularly precipitous drops ranging from 49% to 69% loss of voles. M. gapperi had more successful pregnancies, juvenile recruits, and adult recruits in the high than in the low population years. Mean index of early juvenile survival was 22% higher in low than high population years. Mean summer survival (58%) was consistently lower than that in winter (83%). Population increases were positively related to cone crops of 3 coniferous tree species. Thus, H1 was partially supported in 3 of 4 seedfall events. Positive changes in forest habitat, resulting from seed rain as a food supply and fallen debris from beetle-killed pine trees as cover, may have supported high numbers of voles in 2011–2012 (H2). A spring reorganization event limited the number of breeding animals by density-dependent inhibition of maturation and survival of juvenile voles, and led to breeding season declines (H3). Rigorous field experiments are needed to test these hypotheses and their interactions as mechanisms driving population change.
Platyrrhini are highly vulnerable to the yellow fever (YF) virus. From 2016 to 2018, the Atlantic Forest of southeast Brazil faced its worst sylvatic YF outbreak in about a century, thought to have ...killed thousands of primates. It is essential to assess the impact of this epidemic on threatened primate assemblages to design effective conservation strategies. In this study, we assessed the impact of the 2016–2018 YF outbreak on a geographically isolated population of Near Threatened black‐fronted titi monkeys (Callicebus nigrifrons) in two Atlantic Forest patches of the Santuário do Caraça, MG, Brazil. Extensive preoutbreak monitoring, conducted between 2008 and 2016, revealed that the home range and group sizes of the population remained stable. In 2016, the population size was estimated at 53–57 individuals in 11–12 groups. We conducted monitoring and playback surveys in 2019 and found that the population had decreased by 68% in one forest patch and completely vanished in the other, resulting in a combined decline of 80%. We discuss this severe loss of a previously stable population and conclude that it was highly likely caused by the YF outbreak. The remaining population is at risk of disappearing completely because of its small size and geographic isolation. A systematic population surveys of C. nigrifrons, along other sensible Platyrrhini species, is needed to re‐evaluate their current conservation status.
A juvenile black‐fronted titi monkey photographed shortly after the 2016–2018 sylvatic yellow fever outbreak in the Santuário do Caraça, MG, Brazil
Research highlights
Brazil faced one of its worst yellow fever (YF) outbreaks from 2016 to 2018, but systematic data on the impact on local primate populations are lacking.
We show that a geographically isolated and partially habituated population of black‐fronted titi monkeys Callicebus nigrifrons have declined by about 80% after the outbreak.
Natural demographic fluctuations or ecological changes do not appear to account for the decline, making the YF outbreak the most likely cause.
A systematic Platyrrhini survey is needed to re‐evaluate the species' current conservation statuses.
Demographic changes have a profound impact on residential energy consumption. The number of single-person households is rapidly increasing around the world and the percentages of elderly individuals ...in the populations of almost all countries are expanding. The objective of our research was to analyze how single-person households and elderly households impact residential energy intensity, defined as annual residential energy consumption per capita per unit of finished area of the household’s house, and how those impacts interact with each other using South Korea as a case study. Our findings suggest that the rise of solo living and an ageing population have overlapping effects on energy consumption and threaten future improvements in residential energy intensity. Specifically, an increase of single-person households results in a decline in energy intensity regardless of whether the household is elderly or non-elderly and the effect of an increase in elderly households on energy intensity depends on whether the household is single- or multiple-person. Given the similar average size of finished area for single-person households, the difference in per unit energy consumption between elderly versus non-elderly households likely comes from behavioral differences such as a greater use of energy-intensive appliances by non-elderly households than elderly households. However, for multiple-person households, the effect of such behavioral differences seems to be dominated by the effect of a house’s shared amenities. The common space and energy-consuming amenities of a house are shared by more individuals in non-elderly households, leading to more intensive energy consumption by non-elderly multiple-person households than by elderly multiple-person households.
360 Degrees of Pressure Solnet, David; Kralj, Anna; Baum, Tom
Journal of hospitality & tourism research (Washington, D.C.),
05/2015, Letnik:
39, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Many hospitality companies highlight the importance of their employees, and this features strongly in their consumer marketing. However, the capacity of organizations to deliver “people first” ...practices is seemingly subject to increasing pressure within the international hospitality sector, both internally and from the external environment. Nowhere is this clearer than in the roles that are played with respect to the human resource management (HRM) function, both by those specifically designated in that post and by nonspecialist managers taking HRM responsibilities. This conceptual article has two principal aims: first, to illuminate the growing trend of formalized HRM practices being downgraded, eliminated altogether, or decentralized; and second, to highlight the need for a greater understanding and consideration of the external factors affecting hospitality HRM practice. The article reviews the nature and scope of the HRM function in hospitality, presents an overview of the trends toward internal reorganization through decentralization of HRM functions and, finally, assesses the impact of external pressures of the delivery of effective HRM. We then propose a dynamic framework designed to help facilitate greater understanding of the implications of internal and external pressures by HRM professionals and researchers, and conclude with reflections and recommendations followed by proposals for future research.
Dramatic demographic changes through which in recent decade’s passes Montenegrin society, the consequences arising from the new realities require a serious socio-political engagement. Process of ...population aging, that began the seventies of the 20th century, represents a significant problem. The process of demographic change was accompanied by an internal migration to major urban centers, primarily Podgorica and Montenegrin coast, leading to emptying the interior of Montenegro. Unfortunately, this development of the population structure of Montenegro opens a series of questions and challenges that would the creators of the future you should put high on the scale of its priorities. In this text we will point out on change of total number of citizens of Montenegro according to the base and chain indexes of 1921-2011 and population in Montenegro 2016–2091 (cohort model projections).
The Berlin Congress in 1878 ended the war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, but above all the revision of the San Stefano peace treaty in order to prevent the spread of Russian influence in the ...Balkans. Austria - Hungary has been given the mandate to occupy and manage Bosnia and Herzegovina. The planned peaceful occupation was oppressed by the people, and the Austro-Hungarian army was given fierce resistance. Nevertheless, Bosnia is occupied with a large number of forces, but also civilian casualties. Official reports state that Austro-Hungary fulfilled the conditions that it bargained in Berlin, but the reality after the occupation was different from that which was found on the paper. The new administration in Bosnia and Herzegovina has made deep and radical changes in the socio - political system, but above all in the lives of ordinary people. The transition of a society that was going on very slowly and complicated had far-reaching consequences, especially on demographic trends in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Demographic changes after 1878 were the result of several factors, primarily the establishment of a new government, a new legal order, a cultural and social transition, and the reorganization of religious life. The centuries-old and, to the greatest extent, the privileged position of Bosnia in the Ottoman Empire was changed to the province of the dual monarchy with the supreme military administrator. The nation was not given the right to participate in the governance of its own country. Every change was pronounced and most often at the expense of the domicile majority Bosniak population. The fact that this period, as in the past, today has a great interest in studying from different points of view, I would like to give a brief review of the demographic changes that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina after its occupation.
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