PURPOSEAn internal model deficit is considered to underlie developmental coordination disorder (DCD); thus, children with DCD have an altered sense of agency (SoA), which is associated with ...depressive symptoms. Furthermore, the perception of action-outcome regularity is present in early development, is involved in the generation of SoA, and has roles in adaptive motor learning and coordinated motor skills. However, perceptual sensitivity to action-outcome regularity has not been examined in children with DCD. METHODSWe investigated perceptual sensitivity to action-outcome regularity in 6-15-year-old children with DCD and age- and sex-matched typically developing (TD) children. Both groups were assessed for coordinated motor skills with the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2nd Edition, while the DCD group was assessed with the DCD Questionnaire, Social Communication Questionnaire, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder-Rating Scale, and Depression Self- Rating Scale for Children. RESULTSPerceptual sensitivity to action-outcome regularity was significantly reduced in children with DCD. However, there was a significant correlation between perceptual sensitivity to action-outcome regularity and age in DCD and TD children. Perceptual sensitivity to action-outcome regularity was significantly lower in younger children with DCD than in younger and older TD children, but there were no significant differences between older children with DCD and younger and older TD children. CONCLUSIONThe current results suggest that children with DCD have significantly reduced perceptual sensitivity to action-outcome regularity at younger ages, which may alter SoA and inhibit internal model development, thereby reducing motor skill coordination.
Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a chronic neurodevelopmental disorder that results in difficulty in motor coordination observed in school-going children that interferes with classroom ...performance. Suspected DCD (S-DCD) children may show poor motor, as well as academic performance at school, and hence the present study aimed to find out the prevalence of S-DCD in children of age 5–10 years in central India and to find its association with preterm and/or low birth weight (LBW).
A total of 716 normal school-going children of age 5–10 years (both genders) were included in the study from four schools of the city by stratified sampling method. Children with any diagnosed neurological, orthopedic, rheumatologic, metabolic, cardiopulmonary, or psychological disorders were excluded. Data was collected using the parent-administered Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire-2007 (DCDQ′07) and a parent/caregiver proforma. Children were sorted into three age subgroups (5–7.11 years, 8–9.11 years and 9–9.11 years).
Prevalence of S-DCD in 5–7.11 years (21.5%), 8–9.11years (23.9%) and is highest in 10–10.11 years (30.6%). Preterm children showed a higher prevalence of S-DCD (preterm: 29.54%, term: 23.10%). Children with LBW also showed a higher prevalence of S-DCD (30.15%) and among normal birth weight (21.43%). In children with both preterm and LBW history, the prevalence of suspected DCD was found to be 51.72%.
Prevalence of suspected DCD was found to be 23.9% in the 5–10 years age group. It was also observed that S-DCD is strongly associated with preterm, as well as low birth weight in children of age 5–10 years.
The neurocognitive basis of Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD; or motor clumsiness) remains an issue of continued debate. This combined systematic review and meta-analysis provides a synthesis ...of recent experimental studies on the motor control, cognitive, and neural underpinnings of DCD.
The review included all published work conducted since September 2016 and up to April 2021. One-hundred papers with a DCD-Control comparison were included, with 1,374 effect sizes entered into a multi-level meta-analysis.
The most profound deficits were shown in: voluntary gaze control during movement; cognitive-motor integration; practice-/context-dependent motor learning; internal modeling; more variable movement kinematics/kinetics; larger safety margins when locomoting, and atypical neural structure and function across sensori-motor and prefrontal regions.
Taken together, these results on DCD suggest fundamental deficits in visual-motor mapping and cognitive-motor integration, and abnormal maturation of motor networks, but also areas of pragmatic compensation for motor control deficits. Implications for current theory, future research, and evidence-based practice are discussed.
PROSPERO, identifier: CRD42020185444.
Participation difficulties among adults with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) have been documented. However, little attention has been given to the subjective aspects of participation, also ...called occupational experience, including feeling during engagement in activities and their meaning. This study aimed to explore the occupational experience of young adults with DCD.
Informed by the phenomenological approach, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 10 young adults with DCD.
Three themes emerged: (1) Complexity of occupational experience; describes the motives for participation, with variations in experience across activities and individuals. Participants engage in activities that provide them with pleasure and fulfillment, while other activities require constant effort and cause stress and shame; (2) The role of internal factors; illustrates the influence of poor motor and organizational/planning skills, self-acceptance; and utilizing strategies on the participants' occupational experience; and (3) The role of the social environment; reveals the participants' dual perception of their environment - as a source of criticism as well as a source of support.
Individuals with DCD may benefit from intervention during young adulthood to enhance their well-being. The interventions should target their subjective occupational experiences in addition to their objective performance difficulties, by enhancing their psycho-social resources.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobehavioral disorder during childhood, affecting approximately 3–6% of school-aged children; its cardinal symptoms of high ...activity, impulsivity, and behavioral distractibility might be assumed to have close relationships to interferences with motor skills. A separate body of literature attests to ways that motor problems can severely impact children’s daily lives, as motor problems may occur in 30–50% of children with ADHD. This article critically reviews research on motor impairment in children with ADHD, notable differences in motor performance of individuals with ADHD compared with age-matched controls, and possible neural underpinnings of this impairment. We discuss the highly prevalent link between ADHD and developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and the lack of a clear research consensus about motor difficulties in ADHD. Despite increasing evidence and diagnostic classifications that define DCD by motor impairment, the role of ADHD symptoms in DCD has not been delineated. Similarly, while ADHD may predispose children to motor problems, it is unclear whether any such motor difficulties observed in this population are inherent to ADHD or are mediated by comorbid DCD. Future research should address the exact nature and long-term consequences of motor impairment in children with ADHD and elucidate effective treatment strategies for these disorders together and apart.
Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a common and well-recognized neurodevelopmental disorder affecting approximately 5 in every 100 individuals worldwide. It has long been included in ...standard national and international classifications of disorders (especially the
). Children and adults with DCD may come to medical or paramedical attention because of poor motor skills, poor motor coordination, and/or impaired procedural learning affecting activities of daily living. Studies show DCD persistence of 30-70% in adulthood for individuals who were diagnosed with DCD as children, with direct consequences in the academic realm and even beyond. In particular, individuals with DCD are at increased risk of impaired handwriting skills. Medium-term and long-term prognosis depends on the timing of the diagnosis, (possible) comorbid disorders (and their diagnosis), the variability of signs and symptoms (number and intensity), and the nature and frequency of the interventions individuals receive. We therefore chose to investigate the signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and rehabilitation of both DCD and developmental dysgraphia, which continues to receive far too little attention in its own right from researchers and clinicians.
Objective: To compare the effects of various kinesio tape applications on static balance and muscle activity in children with developmental coordination disorder.
Methods: Four taping conditions ...were applied to 48 children with developmental coordination disorder: no taping, gastrocnemius taping, tibialis anterior taping; and peroneus longus taping. Postural sway and electromyographic data were assessed, with eyes closed (30 s), standing still in 2-leg stance, dominant-leg stance, and non-dominant-leg stance.
Results: Kinesio taping significantly reduced postural sway in both anteroposterior and mediolateral directions for dominant-leg stance and non-dominant-leg stance, but not 2-leg stance. During single-leg stances, anteroposterior sway was significantly lower for the gastrocnemius taping condition than for the no taping, tibialis anterior and peroneus longus taping conditions, and significantly lower in the tibialis anterior and peroneus longus taping conditions than in the no taping condition (gastrocnemius < tibialis anterior = peroneus longus < no taping). In addition, mediolateral sway was significantly lower in the tibialis anterior and peroneus longus taping conditions than in the no taping and gastrocnemius taping conditions, and significantly lower in the gastrocnemius taping condition than in the no taping condition (tibialis anterior = peroneus longus < gastrocnemius < no taping). Electromyographic data showed that muscle activity was significantly greater only for muscles where kinesio tape was applied.
Conclusion: Various kinesio tape applications can differentially reduce postural sway and increase muscle activity during single-leg stances in children with developmental coordination disorder.
Introduction
Balance deficits are heterogeneous among children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). Balance performance depends on different balance domains, each associated with specific ...underlying neurological systems. In DCD, any of these domains can be affected, but the control mechanisms are poorly understood. The mirror neuron system (MNS) seems to play a key-role in DCD-related deficits. To understand the role of MNS as a control mechanism underlying the balance deficits, simultaneous registration of cortical MNS activity while performing balance tasks is imperative. Therefore, a protocol for combining real-time registration of cortical MNS activity during functional balance tasks in children with DCD, CP and TD is introduced. Methods: Children with DCD, CP and TD (n=108) aged 5-10yr perform preselected tasks of the Kids-BESTest, representing specific balance domains (mixed design): leaning with eyes closed (stability limits/verticality), single-leg-stance, alternate stair touching (anticipatory balance), in-place response, compensatory stepping backward (reactive balance) and walking over obstacles (gait stability). Simultaneously, functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) monitors cortical activity involving the MNS: premotor, inferior and superior parietal cortex and supplementary motor area. An 8-8-optode bundle, making 22 channels, targets this region of interest. Outcome measures are: (de)oxygenated hemoglobin concentration changes per task per channel. Results: In this ongoing research, the protocol was already feasible in 19 children (7.52±1.19). Conclusion: Simultaneous registration of cortical MNS activity (fNIRS) and Kids-BESTest scores will help increase the understanding of the control mechanisms underlying the heterogeneous balance problems in DCD. Consequently, first steps are made to confirm whether DCD shows deviant or delayed development.
Disclosure
No significant relationships.
PDF
