Objective To examine the spectrum of isolated white matter (WM)/cortical injury and its relation to outcomes in infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and normal appearing basal ganglia ...and thalami. Study design From 1992-2007, 84 term infants with HIE and normal basal ganglia and thalami on neonatal magnetic resonance imaging were studied; WM/cortical lesions were classified by site and severity. Neurodevelopmental outcomes and head growth were documented at a median age of 2 years. Results The WM was normal or mildly abnormal in 33.5%, moderate in 40.5%, and severely abnormal in 26% of infants. Cortical involvement was not seen or was only mild in 75.5%, moderate in 13%, and severe in 12% of infants. WM and cortical injury severity were highly correlated (Spearman ρ = 0.74; P < .001). Infants with severe WM injury had more severe neonatal courses and a higher incidence of hypoglycemia. No infant died. Five infants (6%) developed cerebral palsy but all could walk independently. Cognitive, visual, language, behavioral, and seizure problems were highly prevalent and correlated significantly with the severity of WM injury and poor postnatal head growth. Conclusion Infants with HIE and selective WM/cortical injury have a low prevalence of cerebral palsy but have a wide range of other problems, which occur more often with severe WM/cortical lesions.
Quality of child development scales. A systematic review Sánchez Raya, Araceli; Luque de Dios, Sara Maria; Moriana Elvira, Juan Antonio
International journal of educational psychology,
06/2023, Letnik:
12, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Developmental scales for children aged 0-6 years are a particularly valuable resource for assessing developmental milestones in children. Most scales are developed based on a broad conceptual ...framework, and their metric validation is insufficient and of low quality. The aim of this systematic review is to analyse the psychometric quality of these tests and identify aspects in need of improvement. To this end, the PRISMA methodology and the WOS and ProQuest databases were used to search for articles addressing this topic. A total of 680 articles were identified, of which 72 were selected using the established inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results indicate a scarcity of independent studies on the statistical measurement of the scales. The selected articles are very heterogeneous and validate these tests using adaptations of common metrics. Most perform cross-cultural, concurrent, and prognostic validations of the tests. We conclude that the quality of the scale metrics and other common aspects of these tests need to be improved, particularly sample sparsity and heterogeneity, as well as cultural biases. We underline the importance of applying for advances in metrics for the construction of developmental scales and recommend the use of computerised versions to improve their ease of use and efficiency.
Aim
Maternal alcohol abuse is poorly recognised and causes developmental problems. This study explored the foetal central nervous systems (CNS), head circumference and psychomotor development of ...children exposed to drugs or alcohol during pregnancy up to 2.5 years of age.
Methods
We recruited 23 pregnant women referred to Kuopio University Hospital, Finland, by their family doctor because of drug or alcohol abuse, and 22 control mothers. Foetal CNS parameters were measured by three‐dimensional ultrasonography at the mean gestational age of 20 weeks and the Griffiths Mental Developmental Scales (GMDS), and anthropometric measurements were carried out at the mean ages of one and 2.5 years.
Results
The exposed foetuses had decreased biparietal and occipito‐frontal distances and head circumferences, but unchanged cerebellar volume at 20 weeks, and decreased head circumferences and length and height at birth, one and 2.5 years of age. They scored lower than the controls on the GMDS general quotient and the hearing, language and locomotor subscales at 2.5 years of age.
Conclusion
Maternal alcohol or drug exposure was associated with decreased head size from mid‐pregnancy to childhood and reduced development at 2.5 years. Foetal head circumference at mid‐pregnancy was a useful indicator of substance abuse affecting the CNS.
Abstract Objective In two studies we constructed and validated the Patient's Communication Perceived Self-efficacy Scale (PCSS) designed to assess patients’ beliefs about their capability to ...successfully manage problematic situations related to communication with doctor. Methods The 20-item scale was administered to 179 outpatients (study 1). An Exploratory Factor Analysis revealed a three-factor solution. In study 2, the 16-item scale was administered to 890 outpatients. Results Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses supported the 3-factor solution (Provide and Collect information, Express concerns and doubts, Verify information) that showed good psychometric properties and was invariant for gender. Conclusion PCSS is an easily administered, reliable, and valid test of patients’ communication self-efficacy beliefs. Practice implications It can be applied optimally in the empirical study of factors influencing doctor–patient communication and used in training aimed at strengthening patients’ communication skills.
Pediatric developmental assessments from the early 1900s are different from those used more often today. Certain present-day pediatric expectations of fine motor skills, specifically those of ...pre-writing strokes, appear more advanced when compared to those of the past. In the mid-20th century, child developmentalists described the sequences in which children learn, but observed that skill regression occurred as children grew older and academic expectations changed. The educational theories of today neglect to examine early learning progression through the foundations of fine motor performance. Comparisons of contemporary prewriting stroke developmental sequencing within the early Gesell Developmental Schedules reveal various factors to consider when assessing children's' school readiness and academic access and choosing the appropriate protocol for assessment purposes. A comparison of prewriting stroke expectations gives way to the idea that today's educational instruction expects students to do more than the developmental norms. Investigating the advances of different developmental protocols throughout the decades brings question to how prewriting stroke norms are developed and whether they need to be updated based on how expectations are determined.
Abstract Background Extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants are at risk of cognitive impairment and follow-up is therefore of major importance. The age at which their neurodevelopmental outcome ...(NDO) can reliably be predicted differs in the literature. Aims To describe NDO at 2, 3.5 and 5.5 years in an ELBW cohort. To examine the value of NDO at 2 years corrected age (CA) for prediction of NDO at 3.5 and 5.5 years. Study design A r etrospective cross-sectional and longitudinal cohort study. Subjects 101 children with a BW ≤ 750 g, born between 1996 and 2005, who survived NICU admission and were included in a follow-up program. Outcome measures NDO, measured with different tests for general development and intelligence, depending on age of assessment and classified as normal (Z-score ≥ − 1), mildly delayed (− 2 ≤ Z-score < − 1) or severely delayed (Z-score < − 2). Results At 2, 3.5 and 5.5 years 74.3, 82.2 and 76.2% had a normal NDO. A normal NDO at 2 years CA predicted a normal NDO at 3.5 and 5.5 years in 92% and 84% respectively. Of the children with a mildly or severely delayed NDO at 2 years CA the majority showed an improved NDO at 3.5 (69.2%) and 5.5 years (65.4%) respectively. Conclusions The majority of the children with a BW ≤ 750 g had a normal NDO at all ages. A normal NDO at 2 years CA is a good predictor for normal outcome at 3.5 and 5.5 years, whereas a delayed NDO at 2 years CA is subject to change with the majority of the children showing a better NDO at 3.5 and 5.5 years.
To describe the extent and nature of developmental delay at different stages in childhood in a community in South Africa, with a known high rate of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD).
cohort of ...infants, clinically examined for FASD at two time periods, 7-12 months (N= 392; 45 FASD) and 17-21 months of age (N = 83, 35 FASD) were assessed using the Griffiths Mental Developmental Scales (GMDS).
Infants and children with FASD perform worse than their Non-FASD counterparts over all scales and total developmental quotients. Mean quotients for both groups decline between assessments across subscales with a particularly marked decline in the hearing and language scale at Time 2 (scores dropping from 110.6 to 83.1 in the Non-FASD group and 106.3 to 72.7 in the FASD group; P = 0.004). By early childhood the developmental gap between the groups widens with low maternal education, maternal depression, high parity and previous loss of sibling/s influencing development during early childhood.
The FASD group show more evidence of developmental delay over both time points compared to their Non-FASD counterparts. Demographic and socio-economic factors further impact early childhood. These findings are important in setting up primary level psycho-educational and national prevention programmes especially in periurban communities with a focus on early childhood development and FASD.
Asphyxia is a risk factor that is very often related to neuro-developmental issues in high risk infants and equally affects preterm and term infants, however its outcome on the developed brain ...differs from the outcome on the preterm brain.In preterm infants, asphyxia usually exerts a hemorrhagic or ischaemic event and periventricular leukomalacia.In term infants, asphyxia leads to cerebral edema and atrophy of the brain, which may later lead to hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE).The number of term infants with HIE who have survived is lower than those of preterm infants, while the percentage of term infants with HIE who have neuro-developmental issues is higher. Preemies face more problems in their motor development as a result of the brain damage, while term infants suffer from encephalopathy and their cognitive abilities are more affected.We have conducted a study about the effects that asphyxia has on the developmental outcomes in high risk infants. In our study, we did a longitudinal developmental follow-up of 30 high risk infants and an evaluation of their developmental outcome using the Griffiths Mental Development Scales, from the 4th month of life until the end of the 36th month. First, we found that high risk infants had a much lower developmental outcome than the control group during the trial. Finally, we found that asphyxia makes a difference in the developmental outcome of preterm infants without asphyxia who have a very low birth weight, the preterm infants with asphyxia, and the term infants with HIE-II.
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