This book compares perspectives on gender equality in Norway and Japan, focusing on family, education, media, and sexuality and reproduction as seen through a gendered lens. What can we learn from a ...comparison between two countries who stand in significant contrast to each other with respect to gender equality? Norway and Japan differ in terms of historical, cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds. Most importantly, Japan lags far behind Norway when it comes to the World Economic Forum’s Gender Gap Report. Rather than taking a narrow approach that takes as its starting point the assumption that Norway has so much ‘more’ to offer in terms of gender equality, the authors attempt to show that a comparative perspective of two countries in the West and East can be of mutually benefit to both contexts in the advancement of gender equality. The interdisciplinary team of researchers contributing to this book cover a range of contemporary topics in gender equality, including fatherhood and masculinity, teaching and learning in gender studies education, cultural depictions of gender, trans experiences and feminism. This unique collection is suitable for researchers and students of gender studies, sociology, anthropology, Japan studies and European studies.
Migration and Discrimination Fibbi, Rosita; Midtbøen, Arnfinn H; Simon, Patrick
2021, 2021-04-08, 2021-01-01
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This open access short reader provides a state of the art overview of the discrimination research field, with particular focus on discrimination against immigrants and their descendants. It covers ...the ways in which discrimination is defined and conceptualized, how it is measured, how it may be theorized and explained, and how it might be combated by legal and policy means. The book also presents empirical results from studies of discrimination across the world to show the magnitude of the problem and the difficulties of comparison across national borders. The concluding chapter engages in a critical discussion of the relationship between discrimination and integration as well as pointing out promising directions for future studies. As such this short reader is a valuable read to undergraduate students, as well as graduate students, scholars, policy makers and the general public.
Background
To provide an overview of the empirical research linking self‐reports of racial discrimination to health status and health service utilization.
Methods
A review of literature reviews and ...meta‐analyses published from January 2013 to 2019 was conducted using PubMed, PsycINFO, Sociological s, and Web of Science. Articles were considered for inclusion using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) framework.
Results
Twenty‐nine studies met the criteria for review. Both domestic and international studies find that experiences of discrimination reported by adults are adversely related to mental health and indicators of physical health, including preclinical indicators of disease, health behaviors, utilization of care, and adherence to medical regimens. Emerging evidence also suggests that discrimination can affect the health of children and adolescents and that at least some of its adverse effects may be ameliorated by the presence of psychosocial resources.
Conclusions
Increasing evidence indicates that racial discrimination is an emerging risk factor for disease and a contributor to racial disparities in health. Attention is needed to strengthen research gaps and to advance our understanding of the optimal interventions that can reduce the negative effects of discrimination.
Objective
To examine reported experiences of discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) adults in the United States, which broadly contribute to poor health ...outcomes.
Data Source and Study Design
Data came from a national, probability‐based telephone survey of US adults, including 489 LGBTQ adults (282 non‐Hispanic whites and 201 racial/ethnic minorities), conducted January‐April 2017.
Methods
We calculated the percentages of LGBTQ adults reporting experiences of discrimination in health care and several other domains related to their sexual orientation and, for transgender adults, gender identity. We report these results overall, by race/ethnicity, and among transgender adults only. We used multivariable models to estimate adjusted odds of discrimination between racial/ethnic minority and white LGBTQ respondents.
Principal Findings
Experiences of interpersonal discrimination were common for LGBTQ adults, including slurs (57 percent), microaggressions (53 percent), sexual harassment (51 percent), violence (51 percent), and harassment regarding bathroom use (34 percent). More than one in six LGBTQ adults also reported avoiding health care due to anticipated discrimination (18 percent), including 22 percent of transgender adults, while 16 percent of LGBTQ adults reported discrimination in health care encounters. LGBTQ racial/ethnic minorities had statistically significantly higher odds than whites in reporting discrimination based on their LGBTQ identity when applying for jobs, when trying to vote or participate in politics, and interacting with the legal system
Conclusions
Discrimination is widely experienced by LGBTQ adults across health care and other domains, especially among racial/ethnic minorities. Policy and programmatic efforts are needed to reduce these negative experiences and their health impact on sexual and/or gender minority adults, particularly those who experience compounded forms of discrimination.
The cover picture shows an amino triphenolate vanadium(V) complex that has three 2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐1‐piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) spin carriers embedded in its structure. The addition of a Lewis base ...(trioctylphosphine oxide) switches the geometry from trigonal bipyramidal (TBP) to octahedral (OCT). This switching is detected with the use of EPR spectroscopy. Details are discussed in the article by E. Badetti, J. Vidal‐Gancedo, G. Licini et al. on p. 4968 ff. For more on the story behind the cover research, see the Cover Profile.
Discrimination in Latin America Hugo Nopo, Alberto Chong, Andrea Moro
2010, 2009, 12-03-2009, 20100101, 2011-12-09 00:00:00
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Latin America has often been regarded as a region with deep ethnic and class conflicts. The difficulty of assessing this from an economic perspective is two fold: There is little solid, unbiased, and ...systematic data to provide convincing empirical evidence, and there is a dearth of empirical methods to identify specific discriminatory-based behavior as opposed to related behavior that might only appear to be discriminatory.This book uses a variety of methodological tools -- regression analysis, market tests, field experiments, audit studies, and structural methods -- to explore the extent to which discrimination against women and demographic minorities is pervasive in Latin America.
In February we carried out our first ever survey on discrimination in the veterinary professions. BVA Junior Vice President Daniella Dos Santos thanks everyone who responded.
Affirmative action is often criticized for causing reverse discrimination and lowering the qualifications of those hired under the policy. However, the magnitude of such adverse effects depends on ...whether the best suited candidate is hired absent the policy. Indeed affirmative action may compensate for the distortion discrimination imposes on the selection of candidates. This paper asks whether affirmative action can have a similar corrective impact when qualified individuals fail to apply for a job. We evaluate the effect of introducing a gender quota in an environment where high-performing women fail to enter competitions they can win. We show that guaranteeing women equal representation among winners increases their entry. The response exceeds that predicted by the change in probability of winning and is in part driven by women being more willing to compete against other women. The consequences are substantial as the boost in supply essentially eliminates the anticipated costs of the policy.
This paper was accepted by Uri Gneezy, behavioral economics.
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