•We tested whether physiological concordance in mother-child dyads were moderated by dynamic changes in emotional content in a film clip.•Mother-child dyads watched a chase scene from a children’s ...film together.•Dyads displayed positive physiological concordance only in seconds when negative emotional content in the film clip intensified.•Mother-child physiological concordance may be a dynamic process that indicates dyadic responses to challenge.
Evidence suggests that concordance between parent and child physiological states is an important marker of interpersonal interaction. However, studies have focused on individual differences in concordance, and we have limited understanding of how physiological concordance may vary dynamically based on the situational context. We examined whether mother-child physiological concordance was moderated by dynamic changes in emotional content of a film clip they viewed together. Second-by-second estimates of respiratory sinus arrythmia were obtained from mothers and children (N = 158, Mchild age = 45.16 months) as they viewed a chase scene from a children’s film. In addition, the film clip’s negative emotional content was rated second-by-second. Results showed that mother-child dyads displayed positive physiological concordance only in seconds when there was an increase in the clip’s negative emotional content. Thus, dynamic changes in mother-child physiological concordance may indicate dyadic responses to challenge.
Despite the several differences in ingredients, processes and nutritional values, dairy foods as yogurts, fermented milks and milk beverages are widely accepted worldwide, and although they have ...their sensory profiling normally covered by descriptive analyses, the temporal perception involved during the consumption are rarely considered. In this sense, the present work aimed to assess the dynamic sensory profile of three categories of fermented dairy products using different temporal methodologies: Temporal Dominance of Sensations (TDS), Progressive Profiling (PP), Temporal CATA (TCATA), and compare the results obtained. The findings showed that the different sensory characteristics among the products are basically related to their commercial identity. Regarding the methods, all of them collected the variations between samples with great correlation between data. In addition, to detect differences in intensities, TCATA showed to be the most sensitive method in detecting textural changes. When using PP, a balanced experimental design considering the number of attributes, time intervals, and food matrix must be weighed. The findings are of interest to guide sensory and consumer practitioners involved in the dairy production to formulate/reformulate their products and help them choosing the most suitable dynamic method to temporally evaluate them.
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•Dairy products were profiled using TDS, PP and TCATA and equivalent results were obtained.•TCATA was the most sensitive method for detecting textural changes.•PP is best suited for foods with longer oral processing than ready-to-drink dairy products.•The cognitive criteria adopted in TDS showed to be as discriminant as one used in TCATA.
Understanding the dynamic interaction between the catenary and pantograph of a high-speed train is the one of the most important technical issues in the railway industry. This is because the ...catenary-pantograph system plays a crucial role in providing electric power to the railway vehicle for stable operation. The aim of the present paper is to estimate the current-collection performance of this system by using numerical analysis, in particular, the flexible multibody dynamic analysis technique. To implement large deformable catenary wires, an absolute nodal coordinate formulation is used for the cable element. Additionally, an efficient contact element and an interactive model for the catenary-pantograph system are introduced. Each developed model is then used for analytical and experimental verification. Actual on-line test results of existing high-speed railway vehicles are presented and used to verify the analysis model. Finally, the performance characteristics of a new 400 km/h-class high-speed line are estimated and evaluated on the basis of international standards.
•LLPP determination methods for ultradeep carbonate gas reservoirs were developed.•Applicability and application process of LLPP determination methods were analyzed.•Effect of reservoir heterogeneity ...on LLPP of carbonate reservoirs was revealed.•The LLPP that allows gas accumulation and migration is 2.60% and 0.04 mD.•The LLPP that can form industrial gas flow is 2.81% and 0.047 mD.
Lower limits of petrophysical parameters (LLPP) of effective reservoirs are significant parameters for reserve evaluation and exploitation scheme formulation of hydrocarbon reservoirs. However, the existing LLPP determination method is not applicable to ultradeep carbonate reservoirs with diverse reservoir space and strong heterogeneity. Therefore, a systematic method for determining the LLPP of ultradeep carbonate gas reservoirs was developed in this study. First, the geological setting and reservoir characteristics were briefly introduced, and numerous cores were classified according to whether cavities and fractures were developed. Subsequently, the test data of petrophysical property, NMR, high-pressure mercury intrusion (HPMI), and fluid physical property were collected, and a series of LLPP values were obtained through static methods of cumulative frequency statistics, porosity–permeability relationship, irreducible water saturation, and minimum flowable pore throat radius (Rmin). The LLPP determined by static methods were then verified by dynamic methods of gas well testing, productivity model prediction, and productivity simulation experiment, and the LLPP of reservoirs that can form industrial gas flow were determined. Finally, the effect of reservoir heterogeneity on LLPP was revealed, the applicability of various LLPP determination methods were summarized, and the accuracy of the obtained LLPP was confirmed by well testing interpretations. The research results show that the reasonable classification of reservoir types is the prerequisite to accurately determine the LLPP of carbonate reservoirs. The lower limit of porosity is little affected by cavities, while the lower limit of permeability is greatly affected by fractures. Rmin of ultradeep carbonate reservoirs obtained by HPMI test and water film thickness calculation is approximately 60 nm. The significant heterogeneity of carbonate reservoirs requires that effective reservoirs should reach the lower limit of porosity and permeability simultaneously. LLPP determined through static methods and dynamic methods can be applied to evaluate geological and dynamic reserves, respectively. The LLPP of effective reservoirs that allow gas to accumulate, migrate, and form industrial gas production are 2.68% and 0.042 mD.
Perception of flavor is a dynamic process during which the concentration of aroma molecules at the olfactory epithelium varies with time as they are released progressively from the food in the mouth ...during consumption. The release kinetics depends on the food matrix itself but also on food oral processing, such as mastication behavior and food bolus formation with saliva, for which huge inter-individual variations exist due to physiological differences. Sensory methods such as time intensity (TI) or the more-recent methods temporal dominance of sensations (TDS) and temporal check-all-that-apply (TCATA) are used to account for the dynamic and time-related aspects of flavor perception. Direct injection mass spectrometry (DIMS) techniques that measure in real time aroma compounds directly in the nose (nosespace), aimed at obtaining data that reflect the pattern of aroma release in real time during food consumption and supposed to be representative of perception, have been developed over the last 25 years. Examples obtained with MS operated in chemical ionization mode at atmospheric or sub-atmospheric pressure (atmospheric pressure chemical ionization APCI or proton-transfer reaction PTR) are given, with emphases on studies conducted with simultaneous dynamic sensory evaluation. Inter-individual variations in terms of aroma release and their relevance for understanding flavor perception are discussed as well as the evidenced cross-modal interactions.
Exposure to environmental changes in windows are essential to sustain healthy conditions indoors; however, there are no procedures for capturing these variations dynamically. In this study, we ...provide the foundations for building a framework aimed at understanding the effects of luminous variability in window views. First, we labelled a sample of views (n = 40) using a surface layout approach, resulting in four view type categories. Next, we captured time-lapse imagery from selected views (n = 8) to produce panorama sequences. We calculated the absolute lightness variation in Matlab, resulting in three luminous change categories (i.e. Global, Local, and Minimal variation). Concurrently, we collected environmental measures to define variability thresholds. The integrated analysis showed a higher occurrence of luminous changes in two categories in controlled conditions, suggesting that viewing configuration might prevail over window orientation for conveying light changes over time.
The purpose of this research is to assess the potential of using coal ash for restoring Acid Mine Drainage. For this purpose, we decided to determine the physical-chemical composition of the coal ...waste, coal ash and effluent, where physical and chemical parameters were assessed. Mineralogical characterization of tailings was carried out, where quartz, kaolinite, siderite, palygorskite, muscovite and dolomite were verified. Geochemical characterization of coal ash was also done, where found Si, Al, Fe, K, Ca, Ti as the main elements and presence of Cu, Cr, Zn, Rb, Ir, Mn, As, Y, Pb, Nb, Th as trace elements, being defined by the X-Ray Diffraction and X-Ray Fluorescence method. The dynamic and the static of Fizz test methods were used, which showed the maximum time of absorption for H+ ions from the activation of ashes in the effluent. Satisfactory results were obtained after calcination, since the main acid-generating elements contained in the fine residues were converted to trace elements. The pH of the ashes was found to be neutral. It is concluded that coal ashes from fine coal tailings have the power to restore the Acid Mine Drainage.
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► Mechanistic transient kinetic model of NO2-related SCR reactions over Cu-zeolite. ► Nitrite/nitrates storage/reactivity are key to transient kinetic modeling of NO/NO2–NH3-SCR at ...low-T. ► Nitrates storage/reactivity with NO and NH3 found in close agreement with surface chemistry over Fe-zeolites. ► Results are relevant for modeling of cold-start transients.
A dynamic micro-kinetic model is developed in close agreement with all the details of the NO2-related SCR catalytic chemistry over a Cu-zeolite catalyst. The rate parameters are estimated from transient kinetic runs, namely isothermal concentration step changes, temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and temperature programmed surface reaction (TPSR) experiments, designed to address the individual steps in the surface mechanism, including adsorption of ammonia, adsorption of NO2 in the form of surface nitrites and nitrates, decomposition of nitrites to nitrogen via reaction with ammonia, reversible reduction of nitrates to nitrites by NO (Fast SCR route), and direct reduction of nitrates by ammonia (NO2-SCR route). The fitted set of rate equations is able to predict the complex transient behaviors associated with the global Fast-SCR and NO2-SCR reactions observed in T-ramp validation experiments.
•Four in-situ methods for determining thermal resistance of walls were studied.•Free-running buildings with alternating heat flux were analyzed.•Data included simulations and experimental data of ...four wall-types.•Effect of the measuring conditions on convergence was studied.•The Pentaur dynamic method produces the most accurate results in all cases.
In recent years, buildings energy consumption has become a major global issue. In order to assess the actual energy performance of buildings, a reliable in-situ estimation of the thermal resistance of walls (R-value) is required. In conditioned buildings there are many well-known quasi-steady and dynamic methods to determine R-value. Nevertheless, in free-running buildings there is no much information about the usefulness of the different available methods, the required measuring periods, convergence, etc., especially in mild and warm climates where both, stable non-inverting heat flux and high thermal gradients, do not naturally occur. This paper evaluates the ability of four different in-situ methods (ISO 9869, Modified Average, RC-network and Pentaur methods) to estimate the R-value of four different wall types of a free-running building in a mild climate, under alternating heat flux condition, for different seasons and orientations of the walls. Both simulated and experimental data sets of surface temperatures and heat fluxes were used to analyze the effect of the measuring conditions (surface temperature difference and direction of the heat flow) and the duration of the survey period on the convergence and final R-values. The results showed that the Pentaur method produced the most accurate results in all cases, thus supporting the idea that the dynamical methods are most suitable for free-running buildings. This research provides guidelines to select the most appropriate method and the required survey duration for in-situ estimation of the thermal resistance in free-running buildings, depending on the season, the heat flux characteristics, and the wall stratigraphy.
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