Possibilities of the populating system analysis have been made in Belgorod region and strategical tasks have been stated. The are planned to solve by means of taking certain steps in perspective ...fields, for example, creating the agglomerations and country settlements development based on increasing the output of the agroindustrial complex. It helps to improve the standards of living of country-living population.
Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not provides a striking new answer to the classic question of why Europe industrialised from the late eighteenth century and Asia did not. Drawing significantly from ...the case of India, Prasannan Parthasarathi shows that in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the advanced regions of Europe and Asia were more alike than different, both characterized by sophisticated and growing economies. Their subsequent divergence can be attributed to different competitive and ecological pressures that in turn produced varied state policies and economic outcomes. This account breaks with conventional views, which hold that divergence occurred because Europe possessed superior markets, rationality, science or institutions. It offers instead a groundbreaking rereading of global economic development that ranges from India, Japan and China to Britain, France and the Ottoman Empire and from the textile and coal industries to the roles of science, technology and the state.
La construction des indicateurs dans les évaluations des politiques publiques en matière d’aide au développement est révélatrice des liens et d’échange que les pays occidentaux et africains ...entretiennent. De la diversité des méthodes aux négociations des normes requises, la construction des indicateurs devient un enjeu pour défendre les visions politiques des types de développement. Il parait, du point de viue de la science politique nécessaire, de déconstruire les systèmes de domination, d’entrer pleinement la construction des indicateurs dans le champ de la négociation et dans celui du pouvoir. Cette thèse interroge le contenu politique des indicateurs, leur abscence de neutralité vis-à-vis d’un projet politique, d’un rapport à l’Etat et à la politique en général.
The index building in evaluation of development aid public policies can contribute to define the exchange and link between African and western countries. By the diversity of methods and negotiation of standards, building indicators become stakes in defining political views of development. It is now necessary from the point of view of the political science, to deconstruct the system of monopoly by introducing index building in the field of negotiation, as well as the field of political power. This research is about the political content of index, their absence of neutrality in political project, states vision and finally in policy.
What's wrong with foreign aid? Many policymakers, aid practitioners, and scholars have called into question its ability to increase economic growth, alleviate poverty, or promote social development. ...At the macro level, only tenuous links between development aid and improved living conditions have been found. At the micro level, only a few programs outlast donor support and even fewer appear to achieve lasting improvements. The authors of this book argue that much of aid's failure is related to the institutions that structure its delivery. These institutions govern the complex relationships between the main actors in the aid delivery system and often generate a series of perverse incentives that promote inefficient and unsustainable outcomes. In their analysis, the authors apply the theoretical insights of the new institutional economics to several settings. First, they investigate the institutions of Sida, the Swedish aid agency, to analyze how that aid agency's institutions can produce incentives inimical to desired outcomes, contrary to the desires of its own staff. Second, the authors use cases from India, a country with low aid dependence, and Zambia, a country with high aid dependence, to explore how institutions on the ground in recipient countries also mediate the effectiveness of aid. Throughout the book, the authors offer suggestions about how to improve aid's effectiveness. These suggestions include how to structure evaluations in order to improve outcomes, how to employ agency staff to gain from their on-the-ground experience, and how to engage stakeholders as "owners" in the design, resource mobilization, learning, and evaluation processes of development assistance programs. Available in OSO: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/economicsfinance/0199278849/toc.html Contributors to this volume - Krister Andersson, Center for the Study of Institutions, Population and Environmental Change, Indiana University Matthew R. Auer, Associate Professor of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Roy Gardner, Professor of Economics, Indiana University Clark C. Gibson, Associate Professor of Political Science, University of California Elinor Ostrom, Professor of Government, Indiana University Sujai Shivakumar, National Research Council, Washington D.C. Christopher J. Waller, Chair of Economics, University of Notre Dame
The essential feature of market economy is the balance between independent economic agents and the autonomous ones, as this type of economy functions without any restrictions imposed by the state, ...thus each economic agents being free to spend, use, produce and save as much as they consider fit in order to follow their own economic interests in the general context of matching them with the real needs and interests of society. Under such circumstances, the new commercial companies (firms) have become autonomous subjects for economy. Consequently, the relationships between the state and the commercial societies achieved a fiscal nature, in most of the cases, where the state exercises its fiscal supremacy. Thus, companies are compelled to give up a part of the net internal product they yield or earn on the market, in form of duties and taxes.
Prediction models and methodological developments in geographical information systems (GIS) for regional analysis and predictions of environmental states are considered. The complex and ...interdisciplinary nature of environmental problems requires the development of a new class of GIS, integrating mathematical models, databases and expert knowledge based on a conceptual model. It is known that chemical contamination is one of the main factors of the environmental pollution of regions. Therefore, a new environmental quality index, taking into account the chemical contaminants' parameters, is created for solving regional environmental problems. An approach to identifying environmental danger zones (EDZs) in a region's territory was developed; the zones are represented on a computer map of that region. A GIS technology scheme for predicting EDZ changes is discussed. The scheme is based on using an analysis of the region's economical development scenario. Samples of regional environmental prediction for the Siberian region are given in this paper.
En las últimas dos décadas el crecimiento de desigualdades económicas en América Latina ha aumentado con velocidad inaudita. Estratégicamente el adelanto de la ortodoxia económica neoclásica en ...latinoamericana, propuso el problema en términos de que era sus Ideas económicas autóctonas ("estructuralismo") los culpables reales de mucho de lo que había estado ocurriendo en estas economías. Dado que su narrativa de lo que había estado ocurriendo en América Latina estaba generalmente extraviada, la recuperación y defensa de sus ideas son uno de los pasos necesarios para comenzar un proceso de crecimiento económico y redistribución de riqueza. Por otro lado, el proceso también requeriría un examen de las alternativas ofrecidas del no muy ortodoxo campo de los economistas del ¿primero mundo¿, para que podamos aprender de sus experiencias para pensar las alternativas en América Latina: Esa era una de las razones principales de las entrevistas que se realizaron a la K. Tribe, J. Toye, G. Hodgson, G. Thompson. Los temas se centraron en general en el papel hegemónico y el futuro de la ortodoxia neoclásica y las posibilidades de cambio, así como la estructura de la profesión económica en sus países.
The author points on necessity of transformation from dominating traditional knowledge sharing and conventional education system to the innovative one. Innovative education system is considered as a ...factor driving competitiveness of modern economy and sustaining its long-term development. The author indicates on different measures that can contribute to building up innovative education environment in high schools of Kazakhstan.
As políticas públicas relacionadas ao ensino superior brasileiro atual vêm estabelecendo seus parâmetros nos moldes da "globalização" econômica, visando sua inserção no mundo moderno, a partir de um ...modelo econômico "neoliberal" assumido como inevitável. As novas formas de organização do trabalho deles decorrentes impuseram um novo tipo de formação, onde o domínio do conhecimento e o tempo de escolarização passaram a ser estratégicos. Porém, a aplicação das recomendações dos órgãos internacionais no Brasil "neoliberal" privilegia a formação de nível superior fora do sistema universitário público, apontado como "atrasado" devido aos seus custos, preferindo-se uma outra, onde os critérios de "qualidade" são os empresariais. As conseqüências são evidentes, acentuando-se o atraso econômico e tecnológico, distanciando-se cada vez mais o país da modernidade.
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