Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi alelopatski potencijal lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) na klijavost sjemena i rast klijanaca rotkvice (Raphanus sativus L.), radiča (Cichorium intybus L. var. foliosum) ...i rajčice (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Vodeni ekstrakti pripremljeni od suhe nadzemne mase lucerne u tri koncentracije (1 %, 2,5 % i 5 %) testirani su u laboratorijskim uvjetima. Alelopatski potencijal lucerne ovisio je o test vrsti, koncentraciji vodenog ekstrakta te mjerenom parametru. Najslabije djelovanje zabilježeno je na klijavost te rast klijanaca rajčice. Povećanjem koncentracije vodenog ekstrakta povećavao se i negativni alelopatski potencijal. Najmanji utjecaj vodenih ekstrakata zabilježen je na suhu masu klijanaca test vrsta.
Mrkva je među deset najznačajnijih povrtarskih kultura u svijetu. Godišnja svjetska proizvodnja iznosi 428 milijuna tona proizvedenih na oko 11,5 milijuna hektara. Ulaganje po jedinici površine nije ...veliko, a dobrim tehnikama uzgoja mogu se postići prinosi do 50 t/ha. Zimski uzgoj mrkve značajno povečava ekonomsku dobit ove kulture. Tijekom vegetacije mrkva je osjetljiva na brojne štetnike, od kojih su najvažniji mrkvina muha (Psila rosae, Fabricius), čije se ličinke nalaze u tlu ili krojenu unutar kojeg se hrane i mrkvina cistolika nematoda (Heterodera carotae Jones), koja je uzročnik drastičnog pada uzgoja mrkve u mnogim zemljama i zahtijeva stroge sanitarne uvjete u slučaju zaraze usjeva. Uz sve manje insekticida dostupnih u Europi, valja naglasiti pravilnu uporabu nekemijskih metoda u kontekstu integriranog suzbijanja štetočina (IPM), ističući važnost razvoja novih tolerantnih sorti. U radu su prikazane metode praćenja i prognoze navedenih štetnika te glavne mjere suzbijanja u skladu sa strategijama IPM -a.
Extracts of the aerial parts and roots of the wild-growing medicinal plant Gentiana asclepiadea were analysed for their antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and antioxidant activity with quantification of the ...total phenolic and total flavonoid content. Antimicrobial activity was tested against pathogenic and spoilage bacteria, yeasts, and moulds using the microdilution method. The strongest antibacterial activity was detected on Bacillus species, where minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of from 0.16 mg/mL to 5 mg/mL were obtained, while antifungal activity was low to moderate, with MICs between 1.25 and 20 mg/mL. In the crystal violet assay, the extracts inhibit 50% biofilm formation in the concentration range of from 2.12 to 37.04 mg/mL. Staphylococcus aureus, S. aureus ATCC 25923, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 biofilms were the most sensitive to the presence of extracts. The extracts rich in phenolic compounds showed good DPPH-scavenging activity, with EC50 values between 181.3 and 614.3 μg/mL for extracts of aerial parts and from 426.67 to >1000 μg/mL for root extracts. Even though G. asclepiadea has long been traditionally used, its biological activity is still insufficiently explored, so the obtained results are significant for contributing new knowledge about the plant's medicinal properties.
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which have recently gained attention due to their antimicrobial activity, can also be produced by green synthesis. The aims of this study were to (i) characterise green ...synthesized AgNPs using microwave-assisted aqueous extracts of
(G-AgNPs) and
(H-AgNPs) and (ii) investigate the combined antimicrobial effects of the G- and H-AgNPs in different ratios. Nanoparticle formation and reactions were determined with UV-Vis spectroscopy. The G-AgNPs were 52.0±10.9 nm in size, with a 0.285±0.034 polydispersity index (PDI), and a -17.9±0.9 mV zeta potential. For H-AgNPs these characteristics were 23.9±1.0 nm, 0.280±0.032, and -21.3±2.7 mV, respectively. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed that the particles were monodisperse and spherical. The Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) results showed the presence of reducing agents that stabilised the AgNPs. Three different nanoformulations (NF-1, NF-2, and NF-3) were prepared by combining these two synthesised nanoparticles in different ratios and their antimicrobial activity was tested against
, and
. Our study is the first to show that combining AgNPs from two different biological sources can produce effective nanoformulations with improved antibacterial activity against
and
. These nanoformulations showed lower minimum inhibitory concentrations (31.25 µg/mL against
with all NFs; 62.5 µg/mL for NF-1 and 125 µg/mL for NF-2/3 against
) than G-AgNPs (62.5 µg/mL for
) or H-AgNPs (125 µg/mL for
) alone. Their high combined inhibitory effect against
(NF-1–3) was synergistic and against
(NF-2 and NF-3) potentially additive. Considering such promising results, we believe our study provides some direction for new research and strategies in antimicrobial therapeutics.
The polyphenolic content and biological activities of dichloromethane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts of Cretan Salvia pomifera L. (Lamiaceae) were analysed. The ethyl acetate ...extract showed the highest content of total phenolics and total flavonoids. The ethanol extract exhibited the highest activity in the DPPH and FRAP assays, while the dichloromethane extract had the highest activity in the ABTS test. The ethyl acetate extract showed the highest activity in the β-carotene--linoleic acid system. The antioxidant activity of extracts was positively correlated with the total content of phenolics. Extracts demonstrated weak antibacterial activity. The ethyl acetate extract had the highest acethylcholinesterase inhibition at 50 μg/mL, while the ethanol and dichloromethane extracts showed the highest activity of tyrosinase inhibition at 25 μg/mL. In view of the significance of antioxidants in prevention and treatment of neurological diseases, the noticeable antioxidant and anti-neurodegenerative effects of the ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts recorded in this study make further research on S. pomifera seem promising
Reduction or elimination of chemically synthesized additives from foods is a current demand in food industry. A new approach to prevent the proliferation of microorganisms or protect food from ...oxidation is the use of essential oils or plant extracts as natural additives in foods. We have studied antimicrobial activity of rosemary extracts (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) against different species of Listeria and against different strains of L. monocytogenes. We used two extracts of rosemary, VivOX 20 and VivOX 40 (Vitiva d.d., Slovenia) containing different levels of carnosic acid. We wanted to proof an antimicrobial activity of selected rosemary extracts with two most commonly used methods: disc diffusion method and broth dilution method. With the disc diffusion method we have obtained the inhibition zone and at the lowest concentrations, where no visible bacterial growth was recorded, were assumed as minimal inhibitory concentration values (MIC). We determined MIC values in the ranges from 625 μg extract/ml EtOH to 5000 μg extract/ml EtOH for VivOX 20 and from 312.5 μg extract/ml EtOH do 2500 μg extract/ml EtOH for VivOX 40 in the medium. We have established that the resistance of Listeria species against rosemary extracts depends on: selected extract, selected concentration, various species and strain of Listeria. With broth dilution method we have determined minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), as the concentration giving 0.1% bacterial survival. With this method we have tested two strains of L. monocytogenes and in determinate MBC values in the range from 15.63 μg/ml TSB to 98.5 μg/ml TSB for both tested extracts. Results have confirmed our assumption that resistance of Listeria against rosemary extracts depended on the selected strain.
Zahteve potrošnikov po celem svetu so zmanjšati oz. izločiti kemično sintetizirane konzervanse iz živil. Novejše metode preprečevanja mikrobne kontaminacije in oksidacije uporabljajo eterična olja ali rastlinske ekstrakte kot naravne konzervanse. Proučevali smo protimikrobno delovanje ekstraktov rožmarina (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) na različne vrste bakterij rodu Listeria in seve bakterij L. monocytogenes. Uporabili smo dva različna komercialno pripravljena ekstrakta rožmarina, VivOX 20 in VivOX 40 (Vitiva d.d., Slovenija), ki sta vsebovala različno koncentracijo karnozolne kisline. Protimikrobni učinek izbranih ekstraktov smo želeli dokazati z dvema najpogosteje uporabljenima metodama: metoda difuzije v trdnem gojišču in metoda razredčevanja v tekočem gojišču. Pri metodi difuzije v trdnem gojišču smo po inkubaciji odčitali nastale inhibicijske cone, s katerimi smo določili minimalne inhibitorne koncentracije (MIC), kot tiste koncentracije, pri katerih ni bilo vidne rasti bakterij na gojišču. Vrednosti MIC smo določili v območju med 625 μg ekstrakta/ml EtOH do 5000 μg ekstrakta/ml EtOH za ekstrakt VivOX 20 in med 312,5 μg ekstrakta/ml EtOH do 2500 μg ekstrakta/ml EtOH za ekstrakt VivOX 40. Ugotovili smo, da je odpornost listerij proti ekstraktoma rožmarina odvisna od izbranega ekstrakta, izbrane koncentracije ter vrste in seva listerij. Z metodo razredčevanja v tekočem gojišču smo določali minimalne baktericidne koncentracije (MBC), kot tiste koncentracije, pri katerih preživi 0,1 % testnih bakterij. Uporabili smo dva različna seva bakterij vrste L. monocytogenes in vrednosti MBC v večini poskusov določili med 15,63 μg/ml gojišča TSB in 98,5 μg/ml gojišča za oba uporabljena ekstrakta. Rezultati so ponovno potrdili našo domnevo, da je odpornost listerij proti ekstraktoma rožmarina odvisna od seva.
Istraživan je alelopatski učinak kompleksa alelokemikalija iz vodene otopine korijena pajasena (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle) i iste količine izoliranog ailantona, kao najznačajnije ...alelokemikalije, na početni porast koštana (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.). Vodena otopina korijena pajasena pripremljena je od korijena mladih biljaka. Identifikacija i kvantifikacija ailantona iz vodene otopine korijena pajasena napravljena je na tekućinskom kromatografu. Koncentracija ailantona u vodenoj otopini korijena iznosila je 0,48 mg/ml. Nakon kvantifikacije provedena je izolacija ailantona diklormetanom. Vodena otopina korijena pajasena i vodena otopina izoliranog ailantona primijenjeni su na sjeme koštana u šest različitih razrjeđenja koja su ekvivalent određenoj koncentraciji ailantona iz vodene otopine korijena (0,48; 0,32; 0,24; 0,12; 0,06 i 0,03 mg/ml ailantona). Statistički značajan učinak na početni porast koštana dokazan je kod obiju varijanta istraživanja i kod svih istraživanih koncentracija. Kompleks alelokemikalija iz vodene otopine korijena pajasena imao je jače djelovanje u odnosu na vodenu otopinu izoliranog ailantona kod većine istraživanih svojstava. Najniža srednja učinkovita koncentracija (EC50) iznosila je 0,0075 mg/ml ailantona, a ustanovljena je na tretmanu s vodenom otopinom korijena pajasena kod učinka na duljinu izdanka klice.
Bioactives in Fruit Skinner, Margot; Hunter, Denise
2013, 2013-06-06, 2013-06-14
eBook
For centuries we have known thatfruit is important for health, but we are only just beginning to fullyunderstand why. Bioactives in Fruit: Health Benefits and Functional Foods aims tosummarise some ...of our current knowledge on the bioactive compounds thatare associated with the health benefits of specific fruits with a strongemphasis on the validation of health benefits by human intervention trials. Reflectingthe current interest in food and health, the book includes strategies to retainand enhance the bioactives in fruit through breeding, growing conditions, fruitstorage, processing into ingredients and production of functional foods. To accomplish this task authors withexpertise in biology, chemistry, pharmacology, food science, nutrition,medicine, and horticulture have contributed.They come from universities, government and industry funded researchinstitutes and biotechnology and food companies in Europe, the United States,Asia and New Zealand to give the book a broad perspective. This book, describing fruit bioactives, their healthbenefits when consumed as a food and related topics regarding their developmentinto fresh or processed functional foods, will be of use to postgraduate students, researchers, functional food product developers, food regulators andanyone who has curiosity about why fruit is good for you. The information contained within will provideplant breeders with new targets for the development of value-addedhorticultural products, and will also provide nutritionists and dieticians witha useful resource for developing strategies to assist in preventing or slowingdisease onset or severity. Bioactivesin Fruit: Health Benefits and Functional Foods is a majorresource which will be required reading for anyone working in the fields ofhealth and functional foods.
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Sideritis scardica (Mountain tea) is endemic plant of Balcan Peninsula traditionally used to cure asthma, bronchitis, rheumatic ...disorders and gastric complaints. The aim of this study was to investigate cytotoxic effect of different S. scardica extracts on tumor cell lines: human promyelocitic leukemia HL-60, mouse melanoma B16 and rat glioma C6. The results showed significant cytotoxic effect of diethyl ether and ethyl acetate extracts on all tested tumor lines. As main active principles, flavonoids apigenin and luteolin were identified. Additionally, extracts were not toxic for either rat astrocytes in primary cultures, and human peripherial blood mononuclear cells. The mechanism of citotoxicity is rather complex and includes apoptosis and autophagy induction, as well cell cycle arrest. Diethyl ether and ethyl acetate extracts, as well cytotoxic compound apigenin and luteolin induced AMPK/Akt/mTOR independent autophagy in treated glioma cells. The combinatorial use of carmustine and extracts, lead to a decreassed toxicity of carmustine against C6 cells. C6 cells treated with non-toxic dooses of extracts were more susceptible to UV light induced cytotoxicity. Contrary, rat astrocytes in primary cultures, treated with the same concentrations of extracts, were more resistant to UV irradiation. Considering rich flavonoid content, as well as multiple mechanisms underlying their antitumor actions, S scardica could be regarded as functional food with chemopreventive properties.- Sideritis scardica Griseb, Lamiaceae (Šarplaninski čaj) je endemska biljka Balkanskog poluostrva, koja se tradicionalno koristi za lečenje astme, bronhitisa, gastričnih i reumatskih tegoba. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se ispita citotoksični efekat različito frakcionisanih ekstrakata na tumorskse ćelijske linije: humane promijelocitne leukemije HL-60, mišjeg melanoma B16 i pacovskog glioma C6 u in vitro uslovima. Rezultati su pokazali značajan citotoksični efekat ekstrakta S. scardica na sve testirane tumorske linije Pokazano je da se među identifikovanim, aktivnim jedinjenjima, flavonoidima apigeninu i luteolinu može pripisati odgovornost za citotoksičnost ekstrakata. Posebno je značajno da ovi ekstrakti nisu bili toksični za primarne pacovske astrocite i mononuklearne ćelije periferne krvi čoveka. Mehanizam citotoksičnosti koju su dietil-etarski i etil-acetatni ekstrakt S.scardica ispoljili prema tumorskim ćelijskim linijama je kompleksan i uključuje indukciju apoptoze, autofagije i zastoja u ćelijskom ciklusu. Dietil-etarski i etil-acetatni ekstrakt, kao i citotoksične fenolne komponente apigenin i luteolin indukuju AMPK/Akt/mTOR nezavisnu autofagiju u tretiranim C6 ćelijama glioma. Kombinovana primena karmustina i ekstrakata, dovodi do smanjenja citotoksičnosti karmustina prema C6 ćelijama. Sa druge strane, C6 ćelije tretirane netoksičnim dozama dietil-etarskog i etil-acetatnog ekstrakta, postaju znatno osetljivije na delovanje UV zračenja. Za razliku od njih, primarni astrociti, tretirani istim dozama ekstrakata postaju rezistentniji na UV zračenje. Imajući u vidu bogatsvo flavonoidima i mnogostruke mehanizme antitumorskog delovanja S. scardica bi mogla da se ubroji u tzv. funkcionalnu hranu sa hemopreventivnim svojstvima.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
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