Affective meditation on the Passionwas one of the most popular literary genres of the high and later Middle Ages. Proliferating in a rich variety of forms, these lyrical, impassioned, script-like ...texts in Latin and the vernacular had a deceptively simple goal: to teach their readers how to feel. They were thus instrumental in shaping and sustaining the wide-scale shift in medieval Christian sensibility from fear of God to compassion for the suffering Christ.Affective Meditation and the Invention of Medieval Compassionadvances a new narrative for this broad cultural change and the meditative writings that both generated and reflected it. Sarah McNamer locates women as agents in the creation of the earliest and most influential texts in the genre, from John of Fécamp'sLibellusto theMeditationes vitae Christi, thus challenging current paradigms that cast the compassionate affective mode as Anselmian or Franciscan in origin. The early development of the genre in women's practices had a powerful and lasting legacy. With special attention to Middle English texts, including Nicholas Love'sMirrorand a wide range of Passion lyrics and laments,Affective Meditation and the Invention of Medieval Compassionilluminates how these scripts for the performance of prayer served to construct compassion itself as an intimate and feminine emotion. To feel compassion for Christ, in the private drama of the heart that these texts stage, was to feel like a woman. This was an assumption about emotion that proved historically consequential, McNamer demonstrates, as she traces some of its legal, ethical, and social functions in late medieval England.
Se analiza la influencia del contexto en las reacciones conductuales y emocionales ante una situación de crimen de guerra en cadetes militares (N = 315). El estudio se basa en la experiencia de ...Milgram y en la tragedia de My Lai. Examina la obediencia personal y de los compañeros ante una orden antinormativa (preguntando a los participantes si obedecerían una orden de disparar a civiles desarmados) en cinco viñetas o escenarios que reproducen las condiciones de Milgram y el escenario de MyLai. Se trata de un estudio experimental entre dos escenarios por dos condiciones (Milgram, 1974). Se midió la obediencia personal y colectiva de otros militares, las reacciones emocionales y los valores de Schwartz (2012). Mostrando el aumento de la auto-prejuicio se informa de que los pares serían más propensos a disparar que uno. Replicando los resultados de Milgram, la obediencia es mayor cuando la orden es dada directamente por una autoridad, y menor cuando hay conflicto entre autoridades y compañeros rebeldes. Confirmando que la identificación con la humanidad y no solo con el grupo interno puede impulsar a los encuestados a rechazar una orden antinormativa, los valores de trascendencia del yo se asocian con menos obediencia y reacciones emocionales congruentes. El liderazgo transformacional autopercibido se asoció con emociones positivas hacia los compañeros que desobedecen al fuego. Sin embargo un estilo transformacional percibido en el superior se asoció a emociones positivas por respeto al soldado que abre fuego, añadiendo información sobre el potencial lado oscuro de este estilo de liderazgo. Se discute la relevancia de los valores personales, el estilo de liderazgo y la afectividad en el contexto militar.
Coming to terms with emotions and how they influence human behaviour, seems to be of the utmost importance to societies that are obsessed with everything “neuro.” On the other hand, emotions have ...become an object of constant individual and social manipulation since “emotional intelligence” emerged as a buzzword of our times. Reflecting on this burgeoning interest in human emotions makes one think of how this interest developed and what fuelled it. From a historian’s point of view, it can be traced back to classical antiquity. But it has undergone shifts and changes which can in turn shed light on social concepts of the self and its relation to other human beings (and nature). The volume focuses on the historicity of emotions and explores the processes that brought them to the fore of public interest and debate.
While trait positive emotionality and state positive-valence affect have long been the subject of intense study, the importance of differentiating among several "discrete" positive emotions has only ...recently begun to receive serious attention. In this article, we synthesize existing literature on positive emotion differentiation, proposing that the positive emotions are best described as branches of a "family tree" emerging from a common ancestor mediating adaptive management of fitness-critical resources (e.g., food). Examples are presented of research indicating the importance of differentiating several positive emotion constructs. We then offer a new theoretical framework, built upon a foundation of phylogenetic, neuroscience, and behavioral evidence, that accounts for core features as well as mechanisms for differentiation. We propose several directions for future research suggested by this framework and develop implications for the application of positive emotion research to translational issues in clinical psychology and the science of behavior change.
The history of emotions is one of the fastest growing fields in current historical debate, and this is the first book-length introduction to the field, synthesizing the current research, and offering ...direction for future study, moving beyond the traditional debate between social constructivist and universalist theories of emotion.
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is an affective disorder with sustained negative affect and difficulties experiencing positive affect as its hallmark features. Previous work also highlights cognitive ...biases and deficits in cognitive control that accompany depression and suggestions have been made as to how cognitive and affective aspects of the disorder are linked. Recent work proposes that difficulties in the self-regulation of affect after experiencing negative life events may contribute to risk for the onset of depression, and indeed there is evidence that depressed patients exhibit more frequent use of maladaptive strategies when regulating affect and show difficulties effectively implementing adaptive strategies. Cognitive aspects of depression may play an important role in helping us understand these difficulties in self-regulation. This article reviews recent work on emotion regulation in depression and links cognitive biases and deficits associated with depression to difficulties in the self-regulation of emotion. Importantly, a main goal of the article is to identify topics in need of future attention that could greatly help shed light on the relation between cognition and emotion regulation in this and other psychological disorders.
•Depression is characterized by disordered emotion regulation.•Depression is characterized by cognitive biases and deficits in cognitive control.•Cognitive biases and deficits in cognitive control underlie emotion dysregulation.
The classical view of emotion hypothesizes that certain emotion categories have a specific autonomic nervous system (ANS) "fingerprint" that is distinct from other categories. Substantial ANS ...variation within a category is presumed to be epiphenomenal. The theory of constructed emotion hypothesizes that an emotion category is a population of context-specific, highly variable instances that need not share an ANS fingerprint. Instead, ANS variation within a category is a meaningful part of the nature of emotion. We present a meta-analysis of 202 studies measuring ANS reactivity during lab-based inductions of emotion in nonclinical samples of adults, using a random effects, multilevel meta-analysis and multivariate pattern classification analysis to test our hypotheses. We found increases in mean effect size for 59.4% of ANS variables across emotion categories, but the pattern of effect sizes did not clearly distinguish 1 emotion category from another. We also observed significant variation within emotion categories; heterogeneity accounted for a moderate to substantial percentage (i.e., I2 ≥ 30%) of variability in 54% of these effect sizes. Experimental moderators epiphenomenal to emotion, such as induction type (e.g., films vs. imagery), did not explain a large portion of the variability. Correction for publication bias reduced estimated effect sizes even further, increasing heterogeneity of effect sizes for certain emotion categories. These findings, when considered in the broader empirical literature, are more consistent with population thinking and other principles from evolutionary biology found within the theory of constructed emotion, and offer insights for developing new hypotheses to understand the nature of emotion.
Public Significance Statement
This meta-analytic investigation demonstrates that there is no 1-to-1 mapping between an emotion category and a specific autonomic nervous system response pattern. In addition, we observed substantial variability in autonomic nervous system changes during instances of the same emotion category that was not accounted for by experimental moderators (such as the way the emotion was induced). These findings suggest that autonomic nervous system changes during emotion are less like a bodily fingerprint and more like a population of variable, context sensitive instances.
The research is made in the frame of methodology of emotional text analysis – the computer technology allowing to classify texts according to the criterion of the emotion expressed in them. The paper ...focuses on specificity of verbal means used in texts of eight emotional classes to deal with the category of time. The data we used consist in 3900 Internet-texts from social network VKontakte assessed by 2000 informants on a crowdsource platform. We processed the raw data using the elements of mathematical modelling, and, a set of tools offered by Sketch Engine corpus manager platform. The hypothesis is that while experiencing an emotion, an individual feels the time differently and, consequently, speaks about it not in the same way. We paid a particular attention to the weight of the lexemes those semantics is connected with the idea of time in different emotional text classes.
L'année de formation initiale des professeurs stagiaires (PS) d'anglais est une étape déterminante de leur parcours. Ils doivent apprendre et mettre en place les gestes professionnels dans la langue ...enseignée, difficulté supplémentaire pour un professeur débutant. Cette année est souvent rapportée par les PS comme étant douloureuse et riche en émotions 1. La recherche présentée, articulée en deux étapes, vise à recenser les émotions que les PS d'anglais de 3 cohortes disent ressentir au quotidien, puis à observer l’impact des émotions les plus saillantes sur la production orale de 9 PS d'anglais. L'analyse des résultats montre que les deux émotions les plus saillantes sont la joie et la colère. Les entretiens d'autoconfrontation ont permis de déceler que ces émotions sont à l'origine de certaines modifications de la prise de parole en classe des 9 PS filmés, à l'instar de l'alternance codique 9, 10 ou d'erreurs linguistiques diverses.
Initial training is a crucial step for pre-service teachers of English. They learn professional gestures and how to implement them in the language they teach, which represents an additional difficulty for beginners. This year is usually described as painful and filled with emotions 1 . This research, conducted in two phases, first aims to identify the emotions that pre-service teachers of English from 3 different cohorts declare feeling daily, and then to observe the impact that the most salient emotions have on 9 the speech of pre-service teachers. The analysis of the results show that joy and anger are the most salient emotions. The self-confrontation interviews carried out revealed that these emotions generated alteration – such as code-switching 9 ;10 or various linguistic mistakes – in the speech of the 9 pre-service teachers who were filmed in class.
Cette recherche s'appuie d'abord sur les termes structurant le champ des émotions parlées, comme
affect — émotion — humeur — passion — sentiment
(§2). Elle prend en compte la question du lexique ...riche et varié de l'émotion,
termes d'émotion
et
termes ayant une orientation émotionnelle
(§3). L'objet spécifique de la recherche est
l'épisode (la séquence) émotionnelle
, dont la structure interne se caractérise par ses liens spécifiques à une
situation
, à une
action
, à une
transformation du corps de l'expérienceur
et de ses
relations aux autres participants
(§4). Son étude demande qu'on articule les
rôles émotionnels
,
expérienceur, allocateur, orchestrateur de l'émotion
, à la formule élémentaire “qui éprouve quoi” (§5).
This research is grounded on the terms structuring the field of spoken emotions, such as
affect – emotion – mood – passion – feeling
(§2). It takes into consideration the matter of the rich and diverse vocabulary of emotion,
terms of emotion
and
terms having an emotional orientation
(§3). The focus of the research is
the emotion episode (sequence)
, whose internal structure is marked by its specific ties with a
situation
, an
action
, a
transformation of the body of the experiencer
and of his
relationships with the other participants
(§4). In order to study the emotion episode, this contribution articulates the
emotional roles
,
emotion experiencer
,
allocator
,
orchestrator
, to the basic formula “who feels what” (§5).
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