ENCOURAGEMENT AT WORK UNDER THE LABOUR LAW OF UKRAINE Vyshnovetska, Svitlana V.; Vyshnovetskyi, Vadym M.; Kmetyk, Khrystyna V.
Journal of International Legal Communication,
12/2021, Letnik:
3, Številka:
3
Journal Article
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Nowadays the problem of improving the legal regulation of encouragements in the labour legislation of Ukraine is especially topical, as the modern realities require the wider application of ...motivation and encouragement means to keep the most skilled employees. The Labour Code of Ukraine stipulates the requirement to the employees for performing their job responsibilities conscientiously. Analysing the norms of the Labour Code of Ukraine, we can conclude that encouragements are welfare of material or moral nature, benefits and privileges by which the employer marks the employee’s labour merits. At the same time, the Labour Code of Ukraine does not contain legal consolidation of the “labour merit” concept. Article 139 of the Labour Code of Ukraine consolidates the employee’s obligation to work honestly and conscientiously, timely and accurately to follow the order of the owner or its authorized body. However, scientists do not have a consensus if any conscientious performance of the task, within or exceeding, is legal ground to apply the encouragement means or there should be any achievements at work (increase in productivity, innovation, etc.), success at work. Thus, since merit is considered as a ground to apply the encouragement, the concept of labour merit needs to be legally specified. It is concluded that in order to motivate effectively the employees in the form of encouragement, it should be transparent and timely. To ensure the transparency, it is necessary to determine clearly the types of encouragements, grounds and procedure of their application in local regulations of the enterprise, as well as, to determine the indicators of work, according to which the employee is entitled to some type of encouragement. It is necessary to formalize the legal grounds and conditions of the encouragement, so that the employer is not guided by its own wishes. After all, based on the provisions of legislative acts, encouragement of the employee is a right, not an obligation of the employer (Article 144 of the Labour Code). So, it should decide for itself the expediency of applying (or not applying) encouragements to the particular employee. For timeliness, it is important to encourage employees not only on the days of professional holidays “for good”, but every day to see a human of work. We share the position of those scholars who propose to separate the appropriate chapter in the Labour Code “Encouragements at Work”, which will increase the role of encouragements in regulation of the labour relations.
Objective: Following the Tohoku Earthquake, residents of the disaster area were encouraged more to "Ganbappe", which means "Hang in there" in their local dialect, than to "Ganbatte", which has the ...same meaning in standard Japanese. This led us to examine what comprises effective words of encouragement. Design: We first examined what types of words are related to motivation. The words found in previous studies were too simply and obviously differentiated from among those words. Therefore, in this study, we selected words that might have different effects depending on a person's character and examined how motivations changed as a result. Method: To verify our research, we sent questionnaires to 142 university students via the Internet and examined how their motivations changed when presented with various motivational phrases. The questionnaire comprised 11 short phrases purporting to contain words uttered by school teachers or athletics coaches. Students evaluated the motivational effects of each phrase by allotting it points from -50 to 50. Results: We established a hypothesis that the influence of encouraging words would differ by sex and educational background. However, the data demonstrated that a similar tendency occurs regardless of sex and major. Although different words and phrases are used, the data suggest that participants' experiences and how they have been brought up affect the results. Conclusion: For this reason, in order to encourage and raise motivation, many factors need to be considered when using motivational words.
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the processes underlying the relationship between creativity processes and new product performance. Drawing on the literature of new product development ...(NPD) and organizational creativity, we hypothesize that NPD speed mediates the relationship between creativity processes and new product performance and that encouragement by leadership moderates this mediating model. Using a sample of 245 companies in China, we found that (1) not all components of creativity processes related positively to new product performance. Specifically, information search and encoding (ISE) and idea and alternative generation (IG) are respectively and positively related to new product performance, but problem identification (PI) is not. (2) NPD speed fully mediates the influence of PI and ISE on new product performance, but it only partially mediates the relationship between IG and new product performance. (3) Encouragement by leadership positively moderates the relationship of PI and NPD speed, as well as the relationship of ISE and NPD speed; however, it does not significantly moderate the relationship between IG and NPD speed. The implications of these findings and directions for future research in NPD performance are discussed.
Objective: Following the Tohoku Earthquake, residents of the disaster area were encouraged more to “Ganbappe”, which means “Hang in there” in their local dialect, than to “Ganbatte”, which has the ...same meaning in standard Japanese. This led us to examine what comprises effective words of encouragement.Design: We first examined what types of words are related to motivation. The words found in previous studies were too simply and obviously differentiated from among those words. Therefore, in this study, we selected words that might have different effects depending on a person’s character and examined how motivations changed as a result. Method: To verify our research, we sent questionnaires to 142 university students via the Internet and examined how their motivations changed when presented with various motivational phrases. The questionnaire comprised 11 short phrases purporting to contain words uttered by school teachers or athletics coaches. Students evaluated the motivational effects of each phrase by allotting it points from -50 to 50.Results: We established a hypothesis that the influence of encouraging words would differ by sex and educational background. However, the data demonstrated that a similar tendency occurs regardless of sex and major. Although different words and phrases are used, the data suggest that participants’ experiences and how they have been brought up affect the results. Conclusion: For this reason, in order to encourage and raise motivation, many factors need to be considered when using motivational words.
Due to rapid urbanization and modernization, individual competitiveness has become increasingly important for individuals to acquire success in the contemporary Chinese society. This 1-year ...longitudinal study examined the relations between maternal encouragement of competitiveness and adjustment in Chinese adolescents (N = 1,493, 720 boys, Mage = 13 years). Maternal encouragement of competitiveness was assessed using child reports, and information on adolescents' adjustment was obtained from peer reports, teacher ratings, and school records. The results showed that maternal encouragement of competitiveness was negatively related to later teacher-rated learning problems. Moreover, maternal encouragement of competitiveness positively contributed to later peer-assessed assertiveness and social status among those who were initially high on assertiveness and social status. The results were discussed in the Chinese context.
Although research has shown that two types of academic encouragement (i.e., challenge-focused and potential-focused encouragement) generally increase academic engagement, few studies have explored ...how they relate to academic engagement among first-year undergraduate students. Moreover, little is known on psychological mechanisms linking encouragement to educational outcomes. This study explored the indirect effects of encouragement on academic engagement via grit’s dimensions (i.e., perseverance of effort and consistency of interests) among 485 Chinese first-year undergraduate students. Results showed that overall academic encouragement, challenge-focused encouragement and potential-focused encouragement positively predicted perseverance of effort and academic engagement. However, the predictive effects of overall academic encouragement, challenge-focused encouragement and potential-focused encouragement on consistency of interests were faint. Results also indicated that overall academic encouragement, challenge-focused encouragement and potential-focused encouragement indirectly predicted academic engagement through perseverance of effort rather than consistency of interests. These findings underscore the importance of identifying pathways through which specific types of encouragement indirectly relate to academic engagement.
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