This paper offers a general review of the names of States as a subject of study of great interest for fields of knowledge in which this issue is relevant, as in International Relations and ...diplomacy. It is a subject with various facets and that presents complexities that are not always evident, which, consequently, justifies their study and analysis, not only from an academic perspective, but also because they are useful in practical terms. From an exploratory perspective, the fundamental aspects of this object of study, located at the crossroads between geography, political science and linguistics, are taken into account. For this purpose, its main concepts of this matter are reviewed —particularly those of officiality and formality— and a categorization of the formal names of the States is proposed based on the elements that compose them. It is hoped that this contribution, raised from the point of view of the Spanish language, will create new bases for future developments in this field of study that, by necessity, must be multidisciplinary.
Este artículo ofrece una revisión general de los nombres de Estados como tema de estudio de gran interés para campos del conocimiento en los que esta cuestión resulta relevante, como en los ámbitos de las Relaciones Internacionales y la diplomacia. Se trata de una materia con diversas vertientes y que presenta complejidades no siempre evidentes, lo cual justifica que sean consideradas y analizadas, no solo desde una vertiente académica, sino también porque resultan útiles en términos prácticos. Desde una perspectiva exploratoria se repasan los aspectos fundamentales de este objeto de estudio, ubicado en la encrucijada entre la geografía, la ciencia política y la lingüística. Para este propósito se revisan sus principales conceptos de esta materia _particularmente los de oficialidad y formalidad_ y se propone una categorización de los nombres formales de los Estados a partir de los elementos que los componen. Se espera que esta contribución, planteada desde el punto de vista de la lengua española, suscite nuevas bases para futuros desarrollos en este campo de estudio que, por necesidad, debe ser multidisciplinario.
Norfolk Island (South Pacific), a small external territory of Australia, has a placenaming record marked by distinct historical, settlement, and land use periods. This brief communication considers ...the complex nexus of official–unofficial, embedded–unembedded, and English–Norfolk Island language toponyms as a way to make better sense of the localization of toponymic knowledge and to appreciate better how such knowledge functions within a minute society intricately connected to its own largely known past and an ever changing toponymic present. The data were collected during interview fieldwork on Norfolk Island during the period 2007–2009. It concludes by putting forward a four-category division of Norfolk Island toponyms: 1) official names adhering to common colonial forms; 2) official and unofficial descriptive names; 3) unofficial names commemorating local people; 4) unofficial and esoteric names remembering local events and people. These categories appear distinct, but they are not necessarily mutually exclusive. The differentiation of processes of toponyms becoming embedded and the localization of toponymic knowledge are a possible explanation for the loss of toponymic knowledge among younger people on Norfolk Island and suggests a general ecological disconnect across time involving people, history, and events associated with Norfolk Island toponyms. The Norfolk Island official–unofficial toponym distinction is applicable to other toponymic case studies, especially situations with competing placenaming histories.
Endonyms and exonyms are usually defined as geographic name variants, used by communities in loco and by outsider communities, respectively. Jordan (Challenges in synchronic toponymy: structure, ...context and use. Narr Francke Attempto Verlag, Tübingen, 2015) has argued that, at a cognitive level, coastal dwellers may be aware of an 'artificial' line between the sea area where their own name has endonym status, contrary to the area where others have different names for the same referents—the latter being exonyms in the view of the first mentioned community. Endonyms, the author states, reflect that the name giving community feels 'at home' in the territory concerned, or emotionally attached to it. The author has proposed to consider names in uninhabited areas as endonyms if they (1) have first been attributed by one of the adjoining language communities, or (2) have etymological roots in the language of such a community, or (3) have been attributed from the perspective of such a community. His proposal meets, however, with a difficulty: translations or adaptations in another language may be felt in due time as endonyms by the speakers of that language. This paper will mainly focus on names of geographic features in the southern North Sea. A strictly synchronic approach will be applied. The consequence is, that no distinction will be made between endonyms and exonyms in the sense that they would reflect the feeling of 'being at home'. This paper discerns: (1) Dutch names without English equivalent, (2) English names without Dutch equivalent; and (3) Dutch and English name pairs. It examines their geographic distribution and will try to draw some conclusions concerning the name giving processes involved.
Two types of ethnonym - endonyms (used within a community itself) and exonyms (used by other Gypsy groups and the macro-society) - correlate in complex ways. We concentrate on cases characteristic of ...the Balkans and the Gypsy groups who migrated from there in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Among these groups, ethnonyms are formed on the basis of the economic activities characteristic for a given Gypsy group (so-called professionyms), for instance Kalajdži, Demirdži, Kelderari, and Košničari/Sepetči. We analyse the different ways in which endonyms and exonyms function. In doing so we show the emergence and decline of specific group appellations and how particular Gypsy groups are distinguished from others through the clear expression of group ethnonyms.
Geografska imena ili toponimi jesu vlastita imena prirodnih i društvenih geografskih objekata u prostoru. Predmet su istraživanja mnogih znanosti i znanstvenih disciplina, ponajprije toponomastike, ...geografije, povijesti i kartografije, a njihovu im širu uporabu omogućuju brojna leksikografska i kartografska izdanja. Cilj je ovoga rada primjerima upozoriti na neke probleme koji se javljaju u pisanju toponima stranih geografskih objekata u leksikonima, enciklopedijama i atlasima hrvatskih leksikografskih izdanja. Ponajviše se to odnosi na probleme međusobne neujednačenosti i nedosljednosti, koji su posljedica nepostojanja jedinstvenih kriterija pisanja imena stranih geografskih objekata. Svrha
rada jest dati prilog proučavanju geografskih imena, naglasiti potrebu da se usustavi način njihova pisanja te uputiti na odgovornost koju kod ujednačivanja i očuvanja geografskih imena imaju leksikografi.
The Elusive Endonym Eccardt, Thomas
Word (Worcester),
06/2024, Letnik:
70, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The term 'exonym' was coined in 1957 by Marcel Aurousseau, an Australian geographer, to denote a place name used in a non-native language. 'Endonym' was later coined analogously as its counterpart, ...meaning the native name for a place. An example exonym would be the English word Germany, referring to the country whose inhabitants know it as its endonym Deutschland. These terms are useful to cartographers and also the United Nations, since it publishes documents in its six official languages, referring to places all over the world.
The topic of endonyms and exonyms would seem to fall into the linguistics domain of onomastics and/or languages in contact, but it is difficult to find a linguistics textbook that mentions the concept. This paper will attempt to more fully explain the subject in the light of the facts of linguistics. It will correct common assumptions that stem from the distinction between proper and common nouns, from the international use of the Roman alphabet, from the dominance of the English language, and from ignorance of the well-established and well-understood processes of language evolution. It will conclude that exonyms are equivalent to loanword borrowings, and that there are no true endonyms.
This work discusses Slovenian geographical names: endonyms in Slovenia and in border areas inhabited by Slovenians in neighboring countries, and Slovenian exonyms used in Slovenian to describe ...geographical features outside the Slovenian settlement area. First, it gives a historical overview of dealing with geographical names in Slovenia and especially emphasizes their scholarly and cartographic significance. Then it presents macrotoponyms and microtoponyms, especially geographical names in Slovenian normative guides, names of countries, and foreign exonyms for Slovenian endonyms. All of this is connected with the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN) and the Slovenian Government Commission for the Standardization of Geographical Names. The former body handles geographical names globally and the latter nationally.
Critical toponymies, instead of viewing place names as transparent signifiers that designate places as ‘objects’ or ‘artifacts’, have foregrounded the necessity for understanding place naming as ‘a ...contested spatial practice’ and attempted ‘a critical interrogation of the politics of place naming’. In view of the frequency of colonial erasures and appropriations of the spaces of the colonised, post-colonial reclamations of place resort to technologies of toponymic cleansing, founding and restoration as acts of resistance. Toponymic resistance can occur on both the creation and deployment of alternative names and the use of alternative pronunciations for established names. Viewing ‘pronunciation to be an important element of the cultural politics of place naming within post-colonial societies’, Kearns and Berg argue ‘that even when widespread agreement on the name of a place prevails, the way the name is pronounced reflects, and contributes to, the constitution of imagined communities’. Arguing that plural pronunciations of the city’s names – Bombay, Bambai and Mumbai – evoke multiversal cosmopolitan urban imaginaries that are sometimes disjunctive, this article shows that Hindi cinema employs ‘multiplicity of means’, amalgamating the linguistic tools of toponymy with paralinguistic and extralinguistic codes, to produce the myth of the cosmopolitan city or ‘the Bombay Dream’.
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