Il est régulièrement constaté qu’en France l’« expertise psychiatrique » et l’« expertise psychologique » des commettants en vue de leurs procès pénaux peuvent présenter deux écueils dans leur ...réalisation : le manque d’experts (experts psychiatres notamment) et de possibles contenus parfois erronés. Compte tenu des effectifs de psychiatres et de psychologues, ces deux appellations d’expertise pourraient être abandonnées au profit d’un concept unique d’« expertise mentale » réalisé indifféremment par des psychiatres ou par des psychologues sélectionnés comme étant bien formés, professionnellement expérimentés et compétents pour mener à bien ces missions. Ce décloisonnement avec la mise en place de quelques autres grands principes (création d’un consensus clinique et juridique de l’expertise mentale, obligation de formation harmonisée et actualisée des experts, prise en compte de l’expérience professionnelle des experts, temps passé et périodes opportunes pour réaliser les expertises, revalorisation des actes d’expertise, développement de la recherche sur l’expertise, création d’instance(s) de contrôle et de régulation des pratiques expertales) pourrait permettre de mettre à la disposition de la justice et des justiciables des effectifs augmentéss d’experts de qualité sur l’ensemble du territoire national.
It is regularly observed that in France “psychiatric expertise” and “psychological expertise” for criminal trials can present two pitfalls in their implementation: the lack of experts (psychiatrists experts in particular) and possible content that is sometimes erroneous. Given the number of psychiatrists and psychologists, these two terms of expertise could be abandoned in favor of a single concept of “mental expertise” carried out indifferently by psychiatrists or by psychologists selected as being well trained, professionally experienced and competent to carry out these missions. This decompartmentalization with the establishment of some other major principles (creation of a clinical and legal consensus of mental expertise, obligation of harmonized and updated training of experts, taking into account the professional experience of experts, time spent and appropriate periods for carrying out expert assessments, revaluation of expert acts, development of research on expertise, creation of body(ies) for the control and regulation of expert practices) could make it possible to make available to justice and litigants with sufficient numbers of quality experts throughout the national territory.
While the number of think tanks active in American politics has more than quadrupled since the 1970s, their influence has not expanded proportionally. Instead, the known ideological proclivities of ...many, especially newer think tanks with their aggressive efforts to obtain high profiles, have come to undermine the credibility with which experts and expertise are generally viewed by public officials. This book explains this paradox. The analysis is based on 135 in-depth interviews with officials at think tanks and those in the policy making and funding organizations that draw upon and support their work. The book reports on results from a survey of congressional staff and journalists and detailed case studies of the role of experts in health care and telecommunications reform debates in the 1990s and tax reduction in 2001.
Un arrêt rendu par la Cour de cassation vient interdire l’utilisation de moyens de télécommunication pour effectuer des expertises psychiatriques. Cette interdiction peut être saluée en ce qu’elle ...permet d’offrir une expertise de qualité sur tout le territoire français, mais elle suscite également une crainte au vu du faible nombre d’experts et de leur répartition uniforme sur le territoire.
A recent judgment handed down by the Court of Cassation prohibits the use of telecommunications means to carry out psychiatric assessments. This ban can be welcomed in that it makes it possible to offer quality expertise throughout France, but on the contrary, it arouses fear given the low number of experts and their uniform distribution across the territory.
In the last decade or so, the attempt to rethink journalism expertise has been made in the context of a radically changing media environment. While many new journalism skills and knowledge areas have ...been identified, the existing literature lacks a clear conceptual framework that can comprehensively and systematically examine the many dimensions of journalistic expertise. Drawing on the expertise theory, this study explicates the concept of journalistic expertise and reviews the literature on the disruption, transformation, and reinvention of the journalism industry that forces a rethinking of journalistic expertise. Previous studies based on journalist job announcements are also reviewed and gaps identified. We then present an empirical content analysis of 669 journalist job announcements posted on Indeed.com from 1 July to 31 December 2017. Four types of journalistic expertise are proposed, identified and measured. The journalistic expertise preferences across different journalism platforms and for different journalistic positions are also analyzed. The conceptual implications of this study are addressed and the practical implications for journalists and journalism education are discussed.
Two Kinds of Cognitive Expertise Chudnoff, Elijah
Noûs (Bloomington, Indiana),
June 2021, 2021-06-00, 20210601, Letnik:
55, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Expertise is traditionally classified into perceptual, cognitive, and motor forms. I argue that the empirical research literature on expertise gives us compelling reasons to reject this traditional ...classification and accept an alternative. According to the alternative I support there is expertise in forming impressions, which further divides into expertise in forming sensory and intellectual impressions, and there is expertise in performing actions, which further divides into expertise in performing mental and bodily actions. The traditional category of cognitive expertise splits into two–expertise in forming intellectual impressions and expertise in performing mental actions. I consider and address a challenge to my case in favor of adopting this alternative classification of expertise that derives from dual process theories of cognition.
This article examines how qualities of expertise are constructed and sustained within the televisual world of craft reality competition television. We suggest that part of the appeal of this ...relatively recent media typology beyond any didactic or instructional interest, is a desire to observe expertise and thus gain perceived but highly circumscribed access to the community of practice that is presented by these television shows. We identify three principal expertise positions as common to the contemporary mediation of expertise presented by craft reality competition television: ‘keystone’, ‘relative’ and ‘vicarious’ expertise. It is argued that these different forms of expertise are mobilized as roles across a variety of craft reality competition television programs to enable entertaining access to craft practice-specific expertise which enables the audience to become experts of spectating expertise, masking the real time, effort, and access to hands-on training involved in becoming proficient in crafts practice.
Les spécificités des contraintes auxquelles sont soumis les personnels navigants de l’armée de l’air et de l’espace (AAE) ainsi que leur impact sur la sécurité des vols justifient d’une adaptation de ...la préparation médico-psychologique existant dans les armées. Celle-ci s’articule aux différents temps de la carrière du militaire, de son incorporation à son retour à la vie civile. Elle prend place, de manière continue, tant dans des dimensions d’expertise que d’accompagnement médico-psychologique, dans un processus porté par différents acteurs, dont le service médical de psychologie clinique appliquée à l’aéronautique.
The medical and psychological preparation of personnel in the armed forces is designed to facilitate the adaptation of an individual, with all their singularities, to an environment with specific constraints. In an idealized flight operation that has become real thanks to the implementation of more and more sophisticated tools, Air Force personnel must deal with the dangers inherent in an aeronautical environment. These specific constraints (the decrease of atmospheric pressure, constraints related to the aircraft, equipment and mission) justify an adaptation of the current medical-psychological training in the armed forces. This preparation is continuous throughout the different stages of an airman's career, both in terms of expertise and medical and psychological support, through a process carried out by different actors, which include the medical service of clinical psychology applied to aeronautics (SMPCAA). It aims to ensure both flight safety and the mental health of the flight crew. The medical-psychological assessment in aeronautics is based on military and international regulations. A qualified psychiatrist, having adequate knowledge and experience in aviation medecine, explores anamnesis and the behavioral, affective and cognitive fields to evaluate the airman's prognosis for adaptation. In addition to the medical history or current psychiatric disorders, the psychiatrist looks for a pathological or delusional personality, contraphobic, escapist, fragile or non-authentic motivation. An airman's mental fitness during their career is more nuanced than their initial mental health which does not take into consideration the necessary adaptation to the job. Medical and psychological support takes place in the continuity of the normal fitness assessment. SMPCAA coordinates this support, with the Air Force's clinical psychology unit (CPC’Air). This unit, which was initially created to carry out post-immediate medical-psychological interventions following serious traumatic events, also provides training, operational psychological support, and psychotherapy.
I describe the program of analysis of expertise known as ‘Studies of Expertise and Experience’, or ‘SEE’ and contrast it with certain philosophical approaches. SEE differs from many approaches to ...expertise in that it takes the degree of ‘esotericity’ of the expertise to be one of its characteristics: esotericity is not a defining characteristic of expertise. Thus, native language speaking is taken to be an expertise along with gravitational wave physics. Expertise is taken to be acquired by socialisation within expert communities. Various methods of analysis are described.
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