The study focuses on the renewed transition to democracy, and a market economy in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), within the context of extremely difficult economic, and social conditions: ...poor macroeconomic outcomes, with sharp drops in output, and trade, and, very high inflation; severe enterprise, financial, and infrastructure deterioration; and, worsened social indicators, showing increased poverty levels. Although the Federal authorities implemented reforms in foreign trade policy, initiated customs administration reforms, and developed a plan for bank restructuring, these early successes were still on the path of difficult reforms, and institutional strengthening. The Federal, and Republican Governments, will require the adoption of transition reforms, and investment priorities to meet three inter-dependent challenges: restoring macroeconomic stability, and external balance; stimulating growth, and creating the basis for a sustainable supply response; and, improving the social well-being of the most vulnerable, and building human capacity. The successful implementation of the reform program, institutional strengthening, and investments, will further require donor support, external debt reduction, financial support, and technical assistance, to restore economic growth, through fiscal adjustment, and a comprehensive debt restructuring. The study provides financing estimates for the period 2001-05 for structural adjustment, fast disbursing balance of payments, and budgetary support.
•Confucian conception of gender reduces the presence of female CFOs.•Confucian conception of gender reduces the occurrence of male CEO-female CFO pairings.•Female CFOs and the male CEO-female CFO ...combinations enhance accounting conservatism.•Conservatism of female CFOs is more pronounced in more traditional external environment.
We evidence the reinforcement of traditional gender roles is a negative determinant of the presence of female CFOs. Firms that nevertheless have executive gender diversity, with male CEO-female CFO combinations, exhibit higher accounting conservatism, with this conservatism more pronounced in more traditional external environments. Female CFOs, supply accounting conservatism in greater amounts when 1) CEOs are male, and 2) the firm operates in a more traditional external environment. In especially traditional environments, female CFOs supply a counterbalance to excessive male risk taking. We contribute to understanding the impacts of executive gender diversity and the external conditions that mediate these outcomes.
Purpose
This paper aims on the trajectory tracking of the developed six wheel-legged robot with heavy load conditions under uncertain physical interaction. The accuracy of trajectory tracking and ...stable operation with heavy load are the main challenges of parallel mechanism for wheel-legged robots, especially in complex road conditions. To guarantee the tracking performance in an uncertain environment, the disturbances, including the internal friction, external environment interaction, should be considered in the practical robot system.
Design/methodology/approach
In this paper, a fuzzy approximation-based model predictive tracking scheme (FMPC) for reliable tracking control is developed to the six wheel-legged robot, in which the fuzzy logic approximation is applied to estimate the uncertain physical interaction and external dynamics of the robot system. Meanwhile, the advanced parallel mechanism of the electric six wheel-legged robot (BIT-NAZA) is presented.
Findings
Co-simulation and comparative experimental results using the BIT-NAZA robot derived from the developed hybrid control scheme indicate that the methodology can achieve satisfactory tracking performance in terms of accuracy and stability.
Originality/value
This research can provide theoretical and engineering guidance for lateral stability of intelligent robots under unknown disturbances and uncertain nonlinearities and facilitate the control performance of the mobile robots in a practical system.
The Ministry of the Environment’s the Onsen Stay policy calls for the creation of a plan to increase the demand for long-term stays in spa health resorts. A report on the development of such plans, ...focusing on spa health resorts, has been published. According to the report, it was suggested that five external environments around the spa resort should be utilized in combination with each other, namely: making the most of the natural environment, making the most of the historical and cultural environment, making the most of the artificial environment and facilities, making the most of different environments by moving around, and making the most of the nighttime hours. In this report, I will try to verify whether these five types of programs are appropriate or not by using the program for a stay in the national park resort village. In addition, I will evaluate whether the proposed program will enhance the demand for a stay in the national park resort village, and suggest improvements. The 11 national park resort villages in this report are Retreat Azumino Hotel, Norikura Kogen, Minami-Izu, Fuji, Noto-Senrihama, Echizen-Mikuni, Omihachiman, Minami-Awaji, Takeno Kaigan, Nanki-Katsuura, and Hiruzen Kogen. I confirmed the validity of the five types, and the necessity to create a program for a stay in these villages by making the best use of the five external environments of the spa. In addition, it was shown that the importance of the program was not so much the diversity of the external environment of the spa along the walking course, but rather the nearness to the place of origin and destination and the sustainability of the program as well as the time to complete it.
Given the tremendous growth of the microelectronics industry in recent years, soldering efficiency is more crucial than ever. Despite the great importance of the solder joints, these interconnections ...happen to be the weakest link in electronic packaging. Many surveys have been carried out in order to investigate their thermomechanical reliability but still incomplete since the electro-thermomechanical reliability is the one encountered in real operational services. A thorough insight into the multiphysics behavior of Pb-free solder joints is fundamental to enhancing the operational efficiency since the extent of their deterioration is a significant function of their compositions. This article investigates the response of various solder alloys (Sn63Pb37, SAC105, SAC305, SAC405, and InnoLot) to electrothermal loadings. The study explores their performance under different temperature conditions and examines factors such as melting temperature variations, residual stresses, and the impact of the IMC layer. The results highlight the superior reliability of SAC405, particularly regarding inelastic strain and premature damage. The study underscores the significance of mitigating these factors during electronics design and manufacturing to enhance solder joint lifetime. The findings contribute to advancing solder alloy reliability and improving electronic system performance.
Today, with rapidly developing technology and changing business models, organizations face rapid changes in both internal and external environments. To be able to rapidly respond to such changing ...environments, integration of software systems has become a top priority for many organizations. However, despite extensive use of software systems integration, quantitative methods for estimating the business value of such integrations are still missing. Using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and the microeconomic concept of marginal rates, this study proposes a method for quantifying the effects of enterprise integration on the firm performance. In the paper, we explain how DEA can be used to evaluate the marginal benefits of enterprise integration. Our proposed method is to measure and compare the productive efficiency of firms using enterprise integration, specifically by relating the benefits produced to the resources consumed in the process. The method is illustrated on data collected from 12 organizations. The defined method has a solid theoretical foundation, eliminating the need for a priori information about the relationship between different measures. Furthermore, the framework could be used not only to quantify the business value of enterprise integration, but also to estimate trade-offs and impacts of other subjective managerial goals on the results. The major limitation of the proposed method is the absence of a comprehensive theory relating IT architecture changes to organizational outcomes. The underlying model is strongly dependent on the relevancy and accuracy of the included variables, as well as number of data units, introducing uncertainties to the outcomes of the model.
The Ministry of the Environment’s the Onsen Stay policy calls for the creation of a plan to increase the demand for long-term stays in spa health resorts. A report on the development of such plans, ...focusing on spa health resorts, has been published. According to the report, it was suggested that five external environments around the spa resort should be utilized in combination with each other, namely: making the most of the natural environment, making the most of the historical and cultural environment, making the most of the artificial environment and facilities, making the most of different environments by moving around, and making the most of the nighttime hours. In this report, I will try to verify whether these five types of programs are appropriate or not by using the program for a stay in the national park resort village. In addition, I will evaluate whether the proposed program will enhance the demand for a stay in the national park resort village, and suggest improvements. The 11 national park resort villages in this report are Retreat Azumino Hotel, Norikura Kogen, Minami-Izu, Fuji, Noto-Senrihama, Echizen-Mikuni, Omihachiman, Minami-Awaji, Takeno Kaigan, Nanki-Katsuura, and Hiruzen Kogen. I confirmed the validity of the five types, and the necessity to create a program for a stay in these villages by making the best use of the five external environments of the spa. In addition, it was shown that the importance of the program was not so much the diversity of the external environment of the spa along the walking course, but rather the nearness to the place of origin and destination and the sustainability of the program as well as the time to complete it.
Understanding the situational relevance of strategy is vital given that strategies have varying utilities under different environmental settings which result in performance variations. Research ...remains silent regarding the situational relevance of cooperative marketing strategy implementation whereby performance outcomes are maximised. Through quantitative survey results, we explore the relationship between cooperative marketing and performance outcomes across varying environmental contexts (internal and external environments). While past studies acknowledge the importance of an open systems' perspective and the influence of the environment on strategic outcomes, they fall prey to key shortcomings such as a reductionist perspective and inadequate measurement. We provide an insight into the environment-strategy-performance relationship by using a holistic environmental approach and detailing the environments conducive to co-marketing strategy implementation. Managerial implications and future directions for research are also provided in the paper.
The concern about man's harmful impact on the environment focuses attention on the external environment, i.e., the real world out there, which may not survive in a form to support life. But ...supporting life of an individual is in the hands of that individual's brain, which is primarily concerned with various needs of the internal environment, also referred to as the self. Confronted with diverse and often competing needs, the brain has evolved a complexity in man, which makes it doubtful that any one collective strategy may be effective in preserving the external environment.
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