This study examines the determinants of firm performance for women entrepreneurs in the context of an emerging economy affected by a turbulent political and socio-cultural environment. The study ...draws from the resource-based and institutional-based views embedded in the gender-aware 5M (money, management, market, macro/meso environments, and motherhood) model. A generalized structural equation model is used to analyze data from Egypt, the setting for this study. The study finds a positive relationship between women entrepreneurs' human capital and firm performance. However, no detectable relationship emerges between social capital and firm performance or between women's gender-related personal problems and firm performance. The findings suggest new boundary conditions in the domain of female entrepreneurship in a hostile environment, with important implications for practice and research.
The objective of this analysis is to identify the factors that affect the different types (opportunity and necessity) of female entrepreneurship in Spain, according to the economic situation of the ...country. The data that will be used will be the data of the web "Global Entrepreneurship Monitor" (GEM) from the period 2001-2015 at the global individual level for Spain and considering the different periods in the years 2001 -2015, which are, pre-crisis, crisis and post-crisis. The most relevant factors that influence a woman to become an entrepreneur will be analyzed. The main reason to identify the main variables that affect female entrepreneurship in Spain by opportunity or necessity is focused on the possibility that they can be used by governments to take measures against female unemployment, in the case of entrepreneurship by necessity or that in the case of entrepreneurship by opportunity, enhance the inclusion of women in the entrepreneurial ecosystem. KEYWORDS: Female entrepreneurship, factors, Spain. MSC: 62P25 El objetivo de este estudio es identificar los factores que afectan a los diferentes tipos de emprendimiento femenino (oportunidad o necesidad) en España según la coyuntura económica. Los datos que se utilizarán serán los datos de la web "Global Entrepreneurship Monitor" (GEM) del periodo 2001 -2015 a nivel individual global para España y se considerarán diferentes periodos en este espacio de tiempo: precrisis, crisis y postcrisis. Se analizarán, para los diferentes tipos de emprendimiento femenino, los factores más relevantes que influyen en una mujer para emprender dependiendo de la situación económica. La principal razón para identificar las principales variables que afectan al emprendimiento femenino en España por oportunidad o por necesidad se centra en la posibilidad de que puedan ser utilizadas por los gobiernos para tomar medidas contra el desempleo femenino, en el caso de emprendimiento por necesidad o que en el caso de emprendimiento por oportunidad, potencien la inclusión de la mujer en el ecosistema emprendedor. PALABRAS CLAVE: Emprendimiento femenino, factores, España.
To identify the combinations of the economic and social aspects related to female entrepreneurship in OECD countries, we carried out a cross-national analysis of female entrepreneurship using fsQCA ...methodology. We analyzed 2015 data from 29 OECD countries, covering different geographical areas. Data were retrieved from three databases (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, Country Risk Score, and Glass Ceiling Index) and the relationship between entrepreneurship by gender and the conditions in a country were studied, especially those socially related to gender under female labor working conditions. The results show that the combination of good country risk score conditions and the low presence of women in power positions is related to high female entrepreneurship and low gender labor-force gap. By contrast, low female entrepreneurship is reached through a combination of high gender labor-force and wage gaps.
The purpose of this editorial is twofold. First, we present a framework to help make sense of how research in gender and entrepreneurship is currently conceptualized and positioned. The framework is ...based on a review and analysis of the current topics investigated at the intersection of gender and entrepreneurship. We subsequently apply this framework to contextualize the articles in this thematic issue on gender, in addition to offering suggestions for future research.
Female entrepreneurs are subjected to stereotypes that make it difficult to secure funding. Crowdfunding challenges many of the causes of this discrimination but we know little about if and how it ...changes optimal funding strategies for female entrepreneurs. Using a sample of 3191 crowdfunding campaigns by female entrepreneurs, we draw from signaling theory to develop and test a series of counterintuitive conjectures for female crowdfunding success. Our results contradict advice that may be derived from traditional entrepreneurial finance: women in crowdfunding should use their gender as advertising, use more female-centric language, avoid self-promotion, start businesses in male-dominated sectors, and ask for more money. These findings highlight new theoretical mechanisms in crowdfunding and develop recommendations for female entrepreneurs who want to raise funds.
•Much advice of traditional venture finance does not apply to crowdfunding.•Counterintuitively, female crowdfunding entrepreneurs should:•Highlight their gender.•Talk about their female perspective.•Avoid promotion language.•Found ventures in male-dominated sectors.•Set bigger campaign goals.•Crowdfunding investors differ from those of traditional venture finance in that they are more often female and less financially motivated.•The different investor profile suggests that we should develop reevaluate strategies to attract funding in the context of crowdfunding.
•First study to review extant literature on female entrepreneurship in Africa.•Focuses on context, resources and strategies, and entrepreneurial outcomes in Africa.•The interactions between contexts, ...resources and strategies determine the outcomes of female entrepreneurship in Africa.•We identify gaps in the literature and suggest future research opportunities.
There has been a significant increase in scholarly literature about female entrepreneurship in Africa. In order to take stock of the state of female entrepreneurship on that continent, this paper examines articles published in peer-reviewed journals over the period 1987 to 2019. Using a mixed embeddedness approach, the analysis of these articles shows how cultural, institutional, economic, political, and social contexts shape the resources and strategies used by female entrepreneurs, and in turn, the interactions between the contexts, resources, and strategies determine the outcomes of female entrepreneurship in Africa. We argue that the environments in which female entrepreneurs are embedded lead to the development of innovative strategies and ways of gaining access to diverse resources. More papers on female entrepreneurship in Africa were published between 2015 and 2019 than in the previous 27 years. A comprehensive analysis of the articles sampled for this systematic literature review has led to the development of new insights and opportunities for future research.
Startup ecosystems have a positive impact on the creation of new businesses and the entire economy and accordingly receive attention from both academics and politicians. However, while ...entrepreneurial ecosystems reflect a high level of entrepreneurial activity, they differ significantly in terms of the proportion of female founders, which means some ecosystems do not fulfill their true potential. This study uses qualitative comparative analysis to explore the combinations of ecosystem characteristics explaining a high proportion of female founders in the 20 most successful startup ecosystems worldwide. The results suggest two different configurations explaining a high proportion of female founders and reveal which issues require attention on a metropolitan level and which issues might require national policy makers to become involved. These findings contribute to the ecosystem literature and link to the stream of female entrepreneurship.
In recent years, the study of women entrepreneurship has experienced great growth, gaining a broad consensus among academics and contributing above all to understanding all those factors that explain ...the difficulty of women in undertaking an entrepreneurial career. This document tries to contribute to the field of study, thanks to a systematic analysis through the publications present in the topic. For this purpose, 2,848 peer-reviewed articles were analyzed, published between 1950 and 2019, using the Scopus database (SCImago Research Group). Through the use of a series of bibliometric indicators it was possible to define the current state of research on the international scene. The analysis revealed that it is a multidisciplinary field of study and that has started to expand further since 2006, culminating in 2019, which makes it become a current and valid object of study. The analysis of the clusters allowed to isolate 6 different lines of research in which emerged, on the one hand, the importance of entrepreneurial education, social entrepreneurship and the socio-cultural context of reference (e.g., culture, family, and institutional support) as tools to overcome the gender gap, on the other, the importance that women entrepreneurship assumes in the economic growth of the country (especially in developing economies), promoting social inclusion and combating poverty and discrimination. The study presents an important contribution to reflect on current policies and to outline future lines of investigation.
We develop an institutional perspective to examine the important, albeit largely overlooked, occurrence of borrowing discouragement for female-owned enterprises: the likelihood that they will not ...seek business financing because they believe their requests will be rejected. Given a prevailing business logic casting the field of entrepreneurship as largely male-typed, we theorize that female-owned enterprises will be more likely than their male-owned counterparts to exhibit borrowing discouragement. However, we also further propose that gender-based borrowing discouragement will be influenced by female empowerment levels in three distinct indicators of female empowerment that vary by geographic region within a society: social and economic autonomy, reproductive rights, and political participation. We find strong support for our predictions using a unique multi-sourced sample of 4090 small businesses operating in the United States.
•We develop an institutional perspective to examine the occurrence of borrowing discouragement for female-owned enterprises.•We theorize that female-owned enterprises will ultimately be more likely than their male-owned counterparts to exhibit borrowing discouragement.•We account for regional female social and economic autonomy, reproductive rights, and political participation.•We assemble a dataset of 4,090 firms drawn from the US Federal Reserve Board and the Institute for Women’s Policy Research.
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