The article presents the results of an empirical study of the “vertical” form (P. Shtompka) of trust in the authorities on the part of the population of the Republic of Angola, conducted at the end ...of 2020. The research methodology (classical and modern studies of the phenomenon of trust), methods of collecting primary information (included observation, a survey in the form of a standardized interview) are described. The factors influencing the attitude of citizens to the government and causing distrust of its social policy are analyzed. The attitude to the key institutions of civil society on the scale of “trust-distrust” is shown. Based on the results of the study, a forecast is made about the strengthening of distrust of power structures and the growth of tension in the country.
The definitive account of the history of poverty finance' - Susanne Soederberg Finance, mobile and digital technologies - or 'fintech' - are being heralded in the world of development by the likes of ...the IMF and World Bank as a silver bullet in the fight against poverty. But should we believe the hype? A Critical History of Poverty Finance demonstrates how newfangled 'digital financial inclusion' efforts suffer from the same essential flaws as earlier iterations of neoliberal 'financial inclusion'. Relying on artificially created markets that simply aren’t there among the world's most disadvantaged economic actors, they also reinforce existing patterns of inequality and uneven development, many of which date back to the colonial era. Bernards offers an astute analysis of the current fintech fad, contextualised through a detailed colonial history of development finance, that ultimately reveals the neoliberal vision of poverty alleviation for the pipe dream it is.
La persistance de principales maladies animales transfrontalières et endémiques dans les pays du Sud (fièvre aphteuse, peste des petits ruminants, rage, etc.) témoigne du défaut des Services ...vétérinaires nationaux à fournir des méthodes de contrôle efficaces et à maintenir une présence dans les localités où ils sont le plus utiles : auprès des populations pauvres et des communautés reculées qui dépendent essentiellement de l’élevage pour subsister. Investir durablement dans les capacités des Services vétérinaires aiderait à préserver la santé et la sécurité alimentaire mondiale, à développer les économies et à améliorer les conditions de vie de quelque 1,3 milliard de personnes dont les moyens de subsistance dépendent de la santé des animaux. L’ Organisation mondiale de la santé animale (OIE) s’emploie à promouvoir la qualité des Services vétérinaires et des Services chargés de la santé des animaux aquatiques comme un bien public mondial et déploie avec l’aide de ses partenaires internationaux et régionaux tout un arsenal d’activités de renforcement de capacités de ses pays membres - en particulier ceux du Sud - en vue du contrôle et de l’éradication des grandes enzooties concernant les animaux terrestres et aquatiques.
Issues related to highly impacting endemic diseases in the South.
The persistence of major transboundary and endemic animal diseases in southern countries (foot-andmouth disease, peste des petits ruminants, rabies, etc.) underscores the National Veterinary Services’ failure to provide effective control methods and maintain a presence at local level where they are most needed : among poor people and remote communities who depend mainly on livestock for subsistence. Investing sustainably in the capacity of the Veterinary Services would help maintain global health and food security, develop economies and improve the lives of some 1.3 billion people whose livelihoods depend on animal health. The OIE works to promote the quality of Veterinary Services and Aquatic Animal Health Services as a global public good, and deploys with its international and regional partners a wide range of capacity-building activities for its member countries -especially those of the South -for the control and eradication of major enzootic diseases in terrestrial and aquatic animals.
By reallocating aid to where it is needed most and where a productive use is most likely, donors could help alleviate poverty in developing countries. The rhetoric of donors suggests that this ...insight has increasingly shaped the allocation of aid. We assess the poverty and policy orientation of bilateral and multilateral aid in different ways. In addition to presenting stylized facts based on bivariate correlations, we apply a Tobit model that captures both altruistic and selfish donor motives. We find little evidence supporting the view that the targeting of aid has improved significantly. Most donors provide higher aid to relatively poor countries, but so far the fight against poverty has not resulted in a stronger focus on the most needy recipients. The estimation results reveal that the policy orientation of aid critically depends on how local conditions are measured. Applying the widely used Kaufmann index on the quality of institutions, almost all donors failed to direct aid predominantly to where local conditions were conducive to a productive use of inflows. The response of donors to changing institutional and policy conditions in recipient countries turns out to be fairly weak. In particular, we reject the proposition that multilateral aid is more targeted than bilateral aid in terms of rewarding poor countries with better policies and institutions.
When talking about poverty, a lot of energy is expended by academics and sociologists in the identification and classification of the poor. Less attention is paid to classifying the rich. The Center ...for Global Development created the Commitment to Development Index in 2003, which ranks countries according to their contribution to the reduction of poverty in developing countries. Since its first report, "Ranking the rich, the Index has been quite successful. However, it has also been subject to multiple criticisms. This paper proposes the use of an ordinal classification to rate, not rank, the performance of rich countries. An ordinal classification, where an ordinal scale labels the examples, can help discovering the level of each country's commitment to development, automatically and independently from others' performances. It could stimulate both advocacy from civil society and the determination of more coherent public policies in rich countries for poorer ones. The methodology used is Artificial Neural Networks, a common machine learning tool for successfully solving classification problems. Experiments yield robust results, showing better outcomes than other alternative ordinal classifiers, opening the possibility of developing a classification technique which could overcome the limitations of the current ranking technique.
The aim of this paper is to evaluate the contribution of the traditional exploitation of timber, in a community framework, to the respect of governance principles in actions for the fight against ...poverty in some rural communities in Cameroon. In 1990, the government of Cameroon adopted laws on the freedom of association that authorised teaming up for the search of possibilities for a better economic welfare of populations. It is in line with this that in 1994, a new forest law which authorises willing communities to organise themselves and request the government to grant them a portion of the national forest of the public domain to be managed by them and for their personal interest. Also, and with the help of the international community, Cameroon elaborated in 1998 its first poverty reduction strategy paper that encouraged amongst others, community actions in the search of solutions to the economic crisis that stroke the country. Through the application of a logit model to the responses collected through a survey carried out on a sample of 200 individuals of the East region of Cameroon, it was noticed that timber exploitation in a community framework does not necessarily lead to the strengthening of the links of belonging to a common community, and to the equitable redistribution of revenues from the exploitation of the community forest.
This article deals with problems of poverty in Croatian society. The introductory part points out the economic and political circumstances in which the poverty of a considerable number of citizens ...becomes an important social problem. In the next part, concepts of absolute, relative and subjective poverty are defined. This is followed by an overview of the results of research into the extent of absolute and relative poverty in Croatian society conducted from 1998 to 2009. The results show that the rate of relative poverty basically remained the same throughout the above-mentioned period. Furthermore, it is shown that the risk factors causing citizens' poverty are the following: low level of education, unemployment, low retirement pensions, old age, and large number of children in the family. The author concludes that the Croatian government neither developed nor carried out any systematic and efficient plan of fighting poverty in Croatian society. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
We draw up an inventory of entitlements related to social benefits and social support available locally to beneficiaries of the revenu de solidarité active (RSA, the current scheme of minimum income) ...in 20 French cities, including Paris, Lyon and Marseille. We then compare the social scales inventoried in 2020 to those collected in 2001 and 2007, i. e. prior to the switch from the previous minimum income scheme (RMI) to the RSA. We show an overall shift towards more degressive conditions for granting support. In all the cities covered and for all family configurations, threshold effects have become limited, at the cost of a sometimes high degree of complexity. The only exception is Paris, where social support is generally more generous and where threshold effects remain. Taken as a whole, local social support scales have been brought into line with the RSA scale, whereas prior to 2008 they were more in line with the RMI scale, which confirms the guiding role played by national scales on local scales. In particular, we examine the effects of these transformations on the standard of living of recipient households and on incentives to work.
Nous dressons un inventaire des droits connexes et aides sociales accessibles localement aux bénéficiaires du RSA dans 20 villes françaises, dont Paris, Lyon et Marseille. Puis nous réalisons une exploitation statistique et descriptive des barèmes inventoriés en 2020 en les comparant aux mêmes données collectées en 2001 et 2007, c’est‑à‑dire avant le passage du RMI au RSA. Nous mettons en évidence un mouvement d’ensemble de transformation des conditions d’attribution des aides vers une plus grande dégressivité. Dans toutes les localités et pour toutes les configurations familiales, les effets de seuil ont été limités, au prix d’une complexité parfois élevée. La seule exception est Paris où les aides sociales sont globalement plus généreuses et où les effets de seuil persistent. Considérés globalement, les barèmes des aides sociales locales ont été mis en phase avec celui du RSA alors qu’ils étaient plutôt cohérents avant 2008 avec celui du RMI, confirmant le rôle directeur joué par les barèmes nationaux sur les barèmes locaux. Nous étudions en particulier les effets de ces transformations sur le niveau de vie des ménages bénéficiaires et sur les incitations à l’emploi.
Anne Denis, L'Horty Yannick. Droits connexes et aides sociales locales : un nouvel état des lieux / Social Benefits, Related Entitlements and Local Social Support: A New Assessment. In: Economie et Statistique / Economics and Statistics, n°530-31, 2022. pp. 3-27.
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