A reliable model for predicting wheel wear that considers the interaction between an abrasive block and a wheel as well as the contact between the wheel and rail is developed. First, a wheel wear ...prediction model that integrates vehicle system dynamics and the Archard wear model for wheel–rail interactions is developed. The wheel wear prediction procedure is validated using measured wheel profiles without the influence of abrasive blocks. Second, a new wheel wear prediction model that integrates the previously validated wheel wear prediction model, a finite element method, and a modified Archard wear model for abrasive block–wheel interactions is developed. The new method for predicting wheel wear is validated using the measured data with acting abrasive blocks. The results show that the tread wear rate due to wheel–rail contact is approximately 0.057 mm/104 km and that the tread wear rate due to abrasive block–wheel and wheel–rail contact is approximately 0.070 mm/104 km at a continuous air pressure of 3.0 bar.
•Wheel wear with two types of working schemes of abrasive blocks was measured.•A wheel wear prediction model under the effect of abrasive block was established.•The evolution process of wheel profiles is analyzed in-depth.•The wear coefficient between the abrasive block and the wheel is determined.
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•A multi-objective optimization framework is proposed for design and control of BTMS.•The framework incorporates multiphysics simulation and Gaussian process modeling.•An adaptive ...fidelity enhancement method is employed to reduce computational burden.•Optimal design promotes the system efficiency by 127% while ensuring its security.
The rapid expansion of the electric vehicle (EV) industry necessitates the development of advanced battery thermal management systems (BTMSs) to safeguard the cyclic properties and security of lithium-ion batteries. However, the assessment of the performance of BTMS often overlooks the importance of considering not only the thermal regulation effectiveness on batteries but also its own energy efficiency. This study investigated the synergistic effects of BTMS design and control strategies on both thermal performance and energy utilization of its own. A multiphysics-based model was developed, featuring an 18,650 Lithium-ion battery module with curved cooling channels, to systematically evaluate the impact of cooling channel width and warping angle, inlet coolant temperature and velocity, and charging rate on system performance and efficiency. To further expedite the design optimization process, a Gaussian process (GP)-based surrogate model was implemented. An uncertainty quantification analysis was subsequently performed to validate the robustness of the optimized designs against stochastic variations. The findings indicate that the channel width and coolant velocity play a pivotal role in enhancing BTMS efficiency. Through a rigorous multi-objective optimization process, the energy efficiency was improved by 126 %, while maintaining battery temperatures below 28.4 °C and coolant pressure drops under 3.6 kPa. The integration of multiphysics simulation and machine learning assisted optimization technique represents a pioneering step forward in the development of sophisticated and efficient BTMS solutions for future electric vehicles.
We established a three-dimensional (3D) multifilament finite element model for Bi-2212 round wire under axial load and analyzed its mechanical behavior. The model considered the initial thermal ...residual stress and damage of Bi-2212 superconducting filaments. The proposed model accurately predicted the axial mechanical behavior of strands. In addition, the characteristics of hysteresis loops in the stress–strain curves of Bi-2212 high-temperature superconducting (HTS) round wire under axial cyclic load were also obtained, agreeing well with experimental data. We constructed a 3D multifilament finite element model and 3D homogenized finite element model of a Bi-2212 HTS triplet. Both the results predicted by multifilament finite element model and homogenized model are close to the experimental data. The former gave more accurate stress distribution characteristics of strands than the latter. However, the homogenized model maybe more suitable for modeling of higher-level cables than the triplet model because of its lower computational cost.
Many studies have focused on the topic of vehicle safety, including the study on crashworthiness. In vehicle, a crash box structure is an integral component for ensuring the safety of a car. It ...serves as an energy-absorbing member, together with the front bumper in case of frontal collision during car accidents. Therefore, special attention has to be given towards this structure in order to have better understanding regarding its mechanism of deformation and absorbing kinetic energy from the collision, as well as on how to obtain good crashworthy properties from this structure. This study, primarily, is based on extensive literature survey pertaining to the topic of crash box. As the topic of energy-absorbing member in a car is extensive, this review solely focuses on crash box structure. The main motivation of this paper is to summarise the different approaches and aspects of researches performed on car crash box structure to gain comprehensive knowledge regarding the study on crash box.
•Researches on different approaches and aspect of crashworthiness study performed on crash box structure is reviewed.•A summary on the factors that affect the crashworthiness of crash box structure such as the design of the crash box structure itself, the selection of materials, and the loading conditions on the structure is given.•An overview on many types of configuration had been proposed in order to increase the crashworthiness performance of the structure is provided.•Research direction on the topic of crash box are discussed.
Glass fiber aluminum laminates (GLAREs) are a type of fiber metal laminates (FMLs) that are widely used in the aviation industry. The present article aimed to carry out the numerical and experimental ...study of the damage mechanism initiation and development in the FMLs subject to low velocity impact. In the experimental part, the drop weight impact test was conducted at four energy levels of 8, 11.5, 15, and 18.5 J on the GLARE laminates. The first crack in the aluminum layer was observed at 18.5 J in the lower aluminum layer. In the numerical simulation, the user-material subroutine VUMAT, including the three-dimensional Hashin damage initiation criterion and the modified progressive damage evolution model, was coded and implemented in the ABAQUS/Explicit finite element package to predict damage initiation and development. The numerical simulations were validated by the experimental results in terms of force–time, force–displacement, and absorbed energy-time curves. The optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the specimen cross-section were produced to detect the FML damage pattern. The numericalsimulation andexperimentalresults showed to be in good agreement.
•The behavior of eccentrically loaded circular CFST stub columns with localized corrosion was investigated.•The localized corrosion at the mid-height caused more significant capacity deterioration ...than that at the column ends.•Localized corrosion with γ = 0° and 180° has more adverse effects on the capacity than that with γ = 90°.•A design model was proposed for eccentrically loaded CFST column with localized corrosion.
In this paper, 12 concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) stub columns with localized corrosion were tested under eccentric load. The effects of the depth ratio, size and location of localized corrosion, and loading eccentricity on the eccentric compression behavior of circular concrete-filled steel tube stub columns were investigated. A finite element model of circular CFST stub columns with localized corrosion under eccentric load was developed and then parameter analysis was carried out. Based on the experimental and numerical results, it was found that the load bearing capacity decreases with increasing the depth ratio and size of localized corrosion. The localized corrosion at the mid-height caused more significant capacity deterioration than that at the column ends. In addition, the localized corrosion with γ = 0° and 180° has more adverse effects on the capacity of eccentrically loaded CFST columns than that with γ = 90°. Moreover, the localized corrosion with γ = 0° (at compression side) is more harmful than that γ = 180° (at tension side) for the specimens with compression-controlled failure, and vice versa for the specimens with tension-controlled failure. Finally, a design model of eccentrically loaded CFST column with localized corrosion was proposed based on an established equivalent specimen. The results suggested that the proposed model predicted the load bearing capacities with reasonable accuracy.
Bond deterioration is one of the major consequences of reinforcement corrosion in reinforced concrete (RC) structures. In this paper, a two-phased numerical modelling approach is presented that aims ...to determine the constitutive behaviour (bond–slip) at the reinforcement-concrete interface at a certain corrosion level. The novelty of the approach is that it consists of a crack model and a bond model, and that the flow of corrosion products into the pores and corrosion-induced cracks as well as the effect of the bonded length and concrete cover are taken into account in the 2D crack model. The resulting expansion of corrosion products from the crack model is used as input in the 3D bond model. The combination of both models leads to a procedure that balances computational time and modelling detail. The model is validated on a substantial amount of experimental pull-out test results. A good agreement is obtained between the experimental data and the models for different corrosion levels in terms of crack width, crack pattern, corrosion-induced bond loss, and failure mode.
•A model for corrosion-induced concrete cracking and bond deterioration is developed.•The flow of corrosion products in pores and corrosion-induced cracks is incorporated.•A novel approach includes the effect of confinement due to a different bond length.•The crack model correctly represents the crack pattern and crack width.•The bond model allows to simulate the shift in failure mode and bond strength.
In this work, a new lattice (MFCCZ) was proposed by modifying based on the conventional face-centred cubic with vertical reinforcing struts (FCCZ) lattice with the prospect of forming more plastic ...hinges to enhance energy absorption. A combined experimental, numerical and analytical effort was devoted to systematically investigating the quasi-static crushing behaviour of the newly proposed MFCCZ lattice. The experimental specimens were fabricated via the Fused Deposition Modeling technique. Satisfactory agreements were achieved between the experimental, analytical and numerical results. The experimental results showed that the mechanical performance of MFCCZ exceeds that of the original FCCZ (by up to 52.5% and 24.3% increase in specific plateau stress and SEA respectively). The finite element model and analytical model were used to probe the mechanisms of the energy-absorbing enhancement. It was found that rotating the oblique struts within the FCCZ lattice would effectively enhance the energy-absorbing capacity partly due to the formation of additional plastic hinges on the horizontal struts, and partly due to greater rotation about the plastic hinge on the oblique struts. The proposed MFCCZ lattice exhibited outstanding performance in comparison to previous lattices fabricated via additive manufacturing, indicating its potential in lightweight load-bearing applications.
•A new lattice design (MFCCZ) is proposed by modifying based on conventional FCCZ lattice.•The proposed MFCCZ lattice outperforms the conventional FCCZ lattice.•The enhancement of energy absorption is due to the formation of plastic hinges on the horizontal struts.•Mechanical performance increases monotonically with a greater rotational angle.
In this work, the shot peening (SP) treatment with different processing parameters was introduced to 17Cr2Ni2MoVNb steel. The finite element model (FEM) was performed in the same experimental ...conditions and the simulative results were compared with experimental results to study the residual stress distribution. In addition, the microhardness, surface morphology and tribological behaviors of SP treated samples were investigated and evaluated. Results showed that compressive residual stress was positively proportional to the SP velocity. During the tribological tests, the SP treated samples could obtain lower coefficient of friction (COF) and better wear resistance than the untreated samples. Moreover, the wear mechanisms of untreated and SP treated samples were ploughing and abrasive wear, respectively.
•Using the Johnson-Cook model, the multi-shot cases are established based on the calculation results of the single shot.•The effects of shot peening parameters on residual stress distribution are studied by experiments and simulation.•The treated samples shows lower COFs and better wear resistance.•The main wear mechanisms of untreated and SP samples are ploughing and abrasive wear, respectively.
The connection system controls the behavior of the Cross-laminated timber (CLT) structures under horizontal loads. This paper introduced an innovative energy-dissipation angle bracket for CLT ...structures, which takes advantage of the soft-steel bracket and high-damping rubber to provide superior ductility and energy-dissipating capacity. Experimental tests under monotonic and reversed cyclic loading were performed to investigate the failure mechanism and mechanical properties of this energy-dissipation connector. After validating the detailed finite element models based on the test results, numerical parametric analysis was conducted to evaluate the influence of several parameters. The results show that the energy-dissipation angle bracket connector mainly exhibits three failure modes, including the rupture of dissipative ribs, local bearing failure of the base, and the debonding of the internal rubber. The ribs’ rupture is the dominant failure mode, especially under cyclic loading, after which the connector can still work integrally because of the rubber that is tightly bonded to the steel skeleton. All the tested connectors show high ductility and great energy-dissipating capacity, as indicated by the ductility larger than 9.5 and the equivalent viscous damping ratio within 9 %− 26 %. According to the numerical parametric analysis, the load-carrying capacity of the energy-dissipation angle bracket is positively correlated with the steel skeleton’s thickness and ultimate strength, and the adoption of the washer, while the rubber’s height has little impact on the load-carrying capacity. The outcomes of this study provide valuable references for subsequent improvement and potential applications of the innovative angle bracket for CLT structures.
•An innovative energy-dissipation angle bracket for CLT structures was proposed.•Failure mechanisms and mechanical properties were investigated by experimental tests.•3D detailed finite element models were developed with validation of test results.•The influence of several parameters was evaluated by numerical parametric study.
