Abstract
Verkehrsinfrastrukturen sind elementarer Bestandteil der heutigen global vernetzten Welt. Dennoch werden diese wichtigen Infrastrukturen in vielen Ländern zunehmend strukturell anfälliger, ...weil sie oft von Überalterung und einem zunehmenden Instandhaltungsrückstau geprägt sind. Insbesondere im Bereich der Wasserstraßen sind zudem die Kenntnisse über die Anfälligkeit der Bauwerke und das Gefahrenpotenzial bei Versagen oder aktiver Zerstörung lückenhaft oder veraltet. Es besteht akuter Handlungsbedarf hinsichtlich einer Steigerung der Resilienz einzelner Bauwerke und somit des gesamten Systems Wasserstraße als kritische Verkehrsinfrastruktur. Hierzu wird im Rahmen der Sicherheitsforschung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland ein systemischer Ansatz entwickelt, der die Ableitung einer risikobasierten Instandhaltungsstrategie ermöglicht. Risikoanalysen bewerten die Vulnerabilität unterschiedlicher Bauwerkstypen und identifizieren gefährdete Verkehrswasserbauwerke anhand der Bewertung der Versagensfolgen. Die Versagensfolgen reichen dabei von Funktionsausfällen einzelner Bauwerke über wirtschaftliche Schäden durch sinkende Transportleistungen im Güterverkehr bis hin zu Gefährdungen für die Bevölkerung, die mit dem Versagen der Wasserstraßeninfrastruktur einhergehen.
Abstract
Level system for the resilience assessment of critical transport infrastructures using the example of waterways
Transport infrastructures are an elementary component of today's globally networked world. Nevertheless, in many countries they are characterized by overaging and an increasing backlog of maintenance. Particularly in the area of waterways, detailed knowledge of the vulnerability of system elements and of the potential danger of failure or active destruction is incomplete or outdated. There is an acute need for action to increase the resilience of individual structures and thus of the entire waterway system as a critical transport infrastructure. For this purpose, in the context of the German federal safety research program a systemic approach will be developed that enables the derivation of a risk‐based maintenance strategy. Risk analyses evaluate the vulnerability of different structure types and identify endangered waterway structures on the basis of an evaluation of failure consequences. The consequences of failure range from functional failures of individual structures to economic damage caused by declining transport performance in freight traffic to risks for the population associated with the failure of the waterway infrastructure.
The debate concerning the polycentricity concept and its related methods has led to numerous studies. However, these studies have focused less on the analysis of polycentricity in developing ...countries, such as Iran, which is peculiar because of its various socioeconomic and political features. Also, while most of the current studies have measured the polycentricity at one time, only a limited number of them have paid attention to the longitudinal perspective. Thus, this paper intends to examine functional polycentricity developments by exploring a novel method on a regional scale. To do this, we have applied a dynamic method in the case of Iran to measure the polycentricity by using data concerning the flow of goods. Our findings indicate that the polycentricity index of the system raised from 0.24 to 0.81 over a 15-year period. Therefore, theoretically, the spatial system moved towards more polycentricity. The outcome of the socioeconomic flows in Iran was such that they continuously reduced the distance between centres and reproduced moves towards a more polycentric pattern.
Verkehrsinfrastrukturen sind elementarer Bestandteil der heutigen global vernetzten Welt. Dennoch werden diese wichtigen Infrastrukturen in vielen Ländern zunehmend strukturell anfälliger, weil sie ...oft von Überalterung und einem zunehmenden Instandhaltungsrückstau geprägt sind. Insbesondere im Bereich der Wasserstraßen sind zudem die Kenntnisse über die Anfälligkeit der Bauwerke und das Gefahrenpotenzial bei Versagen oder aktiver Zerstörung lückenhaft oder veraltet. Es besteht akuter Handlungsbedarf hinsichtlich einer Steigerung der Resilienz einzelner Bauwerke und somit des gesamten Systems Wasserstraße als kritische Verkehrsinfrastruktur. Hierzu wird im Rahmen der Sicherheitsforschung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland ein systemischer Ansatz entwickelt, der die Ableitung einer risikobasierten Instandhaltungsstrategie ermöglicht. Risikoanalysen bewerten die Vulnerabilität unterschiedlicher Bauwerkstypen und identifizieren gefährdete Verkehrswasserbauwerke anhand der Bewertung der Versagensfolgen. Die Versagensfolgen reichen dabei von Funktionsausfällen einzelner Bauwerke über wirtschaftliche Schäden durch sinkende Transportleistungen im Güterverkehr bis hin zu Gefährdungen für die Bevölkerung, die mit dem Versagen der Wasserstraßeninfrastruktur einhergehen.
Level system for the resilience assessment of critical transport infrastructures using the example of waterways
Transport infrastructures are an elementary component of today's globally networked world. Nevertheless, in many countries they are characterized by overaging and an increasing backlog of maintenance. Particularly in the area of waterways, detailed knowledge of the vulnerability of system elements and of the potential danger of failure or active destruction is incomplete or outdated. There is an acute need for action to increase the resilience of individual structures and thus of the entire waterway system as a critical transport infrastructure. For this purpose, in the context of the German federal safety research program a systemic approach will be developed that enables the derivation of a risk‐based maintenance strategy. Risk analyses evaluate the vulnerability of different structure types and identify endangered waterway structures on the basis of an evaluation of failure consequences. The consequences of failure range from functional failures of individual structures to economic damage caused by declining transport performance in freight traffic to risks for the population associated with the failure of the waterway infrastructure.
In case of an outbreak of a foodborne disease, administrative decisions in the context of crisis management are only efficient if they follow standard practices and are specifically adapted to the ...outbreak situation in a timely manner. These goals are hard to achieve. The complexity of national and global trade structures obscures a clear view of trade flows and, consequently, it is often impossible to unravel complex trade links quickly. Furthermore, increasing public concerns about possible health hazards caused by global trade put additional pressure on decision makers. The aim of this paper was to unveil the specific trade structures of the German milk supply chain, to highlight how these structures could affect the spatial spread of a hypothetical contaminant, and to quantify the risk of the contaminant reaching the consumer. To achieve this goal, the vertical and horizontal trade links between milk producers, dairies, and consumers were taken into account. The horizontal flow of milk between dairies (inter-dairy trade), which is intended to compensate a temporary over- or undersupply of milk, is of special importance in this respect. We hypothesized that the extent of inter-dairy trade would significantly influence the spatial spread of contaminated milk and the contamination risk. This hypothesis was tested using a computer simulation model that predicts the hypothetical spread of a contaminant via trade of milk. The model parameters were estimated using trade data collected in 2004 and 2010. The results of our study indicate that inter-dairy trade significantly influenced the contamination risk. Compared with a scenario with no inter-dairy trade, the risk that contaminated milk will reach the consumer was up to 4 times higher, even with moderate inter-dairy trade. The contamination risk depended on the extent of inter-dairy trade in a nonlinear way and reached its maximum asymptotically when inter-dairy trade increased. The contamination risk exhibited considerable spatial variation, which could be utilized to implement more accurate food control interventions in times of crisis caused by a foodborne disease.
Pirate trails Yikona, Stuart; Yikona, Stuart
2013., 2013, 2013-11-04
eBook, Book
Odprti dostop
It is estimated that US$339 million to US$413 million was claimed in ransoms between April 2005 and December 2012 for pirate acts off the Horn of Africa. Twenty-first century piracy in this region ...has developed as a violent criminal act, which not only affects the victims but also has an impact on the region and the global economy. Chapter two describes the context and audience for the study; explains the study's methodological framework, including information on what data sources were available; and identifies the challenges in undertaking the study. Chapter three provides background on the issues of pirate activities off the coast of Somalia and the Horn of Africa, and defines the problem of piracy and its origins. Section two then focuses on understanding the financial flows with respect to piracy activities. Chapter four looks at the ransoms paid to pirates, starting with negotiations of the ransoms and the volume of money involved. Then chapter five focuses on the distribution of proceeds from piracy to the various actors involved in supporting or carrying out pirate activities. Chapter six explores the ways in which proceeds are moved in and out of Somalia. Chapter seven looks at how the financiers invest their proceeds. Following this analysis, chapter eight focuses specifically on investment by piracy financiers in the khat business and real estate. In the final section three, chapter nine of the study concludes with suggested areas for policy and operational engagement within the region and beyond.
Reform by Numbers Thomas Cantens, Robert Ireland, Gaël Raballand
2013, 2012, 10-31-2012, 20130101
eBook, Book
Odprti dostop
This paper is organized as follows. In chapter two, Samson Bilangna and Marcellin Djeuwo from the Cameroon customs administration present the history and the outcomes of the performance measurement ...policy launched by their administra-tion: the General Directorate of Customs signed 'performance contracts' with the frontline customs officers in 2010 and with some importers in 2011. In chapter three, Jose-Maria Munoz, an anthropologist, offers a complementary view of the introduction of figures in the Cameroon tax administration. The fourth chapter ends the book's first part, which focuses on performance measurement. Xavier Pascual from the French customs administration describes the system implemented by his administration to measure the collective performance of customs units and bureaus. In chapter five, Anne-Marie Geourjon and Bertrand Laporte, who are both economists, and Ousmane Coundoul and Massene Gadiaga, who are from the Senegalese customs administration, present the use of data mining to select imports for inspection. This project is being developed in Senegal and embodies the concept of risk analysis. Sharing the same global aim to make controls more efficient, economists Gael Raballand and Guillermo Arenas from the World Bank and anthropologist Thomas Cantens from the World Customs Organization suggest, in chapter six, using mirror statistics to detect potentially fraudulent import flows. Mirror statistics calculate the gaps of foreign trade statistics between two trading partner countries. To conclude the second part on the integration of measurement in information systems, Soyoung Yang from the Korea Customs Service (KCS), in chapter eight, offers a case study on KCS's implementation of a single window system. With respect to risk analysis, the concept of single window is widespread in the trade and customs environments, but few concrete achievements have been presented and analyzed.
Rola logistyki w pogłębianiu procesów globalizacji Klepacki, Bogdan; Perkowska, Aleksandra
Problems of World Agriculture / Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego,
03/2019, Letnik:
19, Številka:
34, Part 1
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
The study presents the importance of logistics in deepening globalization, especially in the use of maritime transport. This transport industry is the most widely used in the international flow of ...goods. It was found that world-wide transport from the mid-1990s increased almost by half, which was due to the most increased shipment of general cargo (2.6 times) and container loads (2 times). If the current trends in the pace of globalization processes are maintained in the future, rapidly developing Asian countries will be the deciding factor, while the role of developed European countries and the United States will decline. / Synopsis. W opracowaniu przedstawiono znaczenie logistyki w pogłębianiu globalizacji, zwłaszcza w zakresie wykorzystania transportu morskiego. Ten dział transportu jest bowiem najszerzej wykorzystywany w międzynarodowych przepływach towarów. Stwierdzono, że przewozy w skali świata od połowy lat 90. wzrosły prawie o połowę, do czego przyczyniło się najbardziej zwiększone przemieszczanie ładunków drobnicowych (2,6-krotnie) i kontenerowych (2 razy). Jeśli zostaną utrzymane dotychczasowe trendy o tempie procesów globalizacji w przyszłości będą decydować szybko rozwijające się państwa azjatyckie, zaś zmaleje rola rozwiniętych państw europejskich i Stanów Zjednoczonych.
This title demonstrates the significant actual and potential contribution of the media to development which takes several forms. It explains the forces in play that continue to influence the ever ...evolving forms and structures of the media and introduces a policy agenda for developing countries and donors that would support the active participation of developing countries in this process to better achieve their development goals. The paper aims to increase awareness in the development community of the contribution of the media to development and thereby enhance its priority status.
Logística reversa está dentro do escopo de atuação da logística e trata de dois tipos de
fluxos. O primeiro trata do fluxo dos produtos de pós-consumo, que podem ser reintegrados ao
ciclo produtivo ...de alguma forma, após remanufatura, desmanche ou reciclagem. Produtos
retornados sem uso ou com pouco uso e que poderão ser reintegrados ao mercado primário ou
secundário, entre outros destinos, representam o segundo tipo de fluxo reverso. Embora diversos
autores mencionem o significativo impacto do fluxo dos produtos retornados sobre o lucro
empresarial, poucos são os estudos realizados para tratar deste assunto. Este artigo visou a
identificar as práticas de empresas atuando no Brasil para o tratamento de produtos não
consumidos retornados. A pesquisa é exploratória. Uma pesquisa foi conduzida com 57 executivos
de diferentes setores industriais. Eles responderam o questionário preparado para esta pesquisa
durante o ano de 2002. Os resultados mostram que poucas empresas no Brasil estavam
preparadas para o tratamento adequado do fluxo de produtos retornados.
Reverse logistics deals with two types of flow of goods. The first one refers to disposable or
post consumed products which may be reintegrated to the productive cycle after remanufacturing,
dismantling or recycling. Returned goods named also as post sale products which may be
reintegrated to the primary or secondary market, or to final disposal is the subject of the second
type of reverse flow. Although the impact of returned goods on the profit is pointed to be relevant,
especially when sales are less predictable, not many studies have been conducted on the subject.
This paper discusses this subject in order to reveal how firms doing business in Brazil are dealing
with the problem of returned goods. A survey with 57 executives from different industrial sectors
was conducted during 2002. Findings indicated that a small part of the firms are already organized
to cope with this reversed flow
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