The book covers the North European fauna of frit flies that totals 209 species in 48 genera including 11 species and 1 genus described as new to science. Several species are economically important as ...notorial pests of cereals and fodder grasses.
A new Pb-free Ag paste containing a Bi2O3-B2O3-ZnO glass frit was developed for Al2O3 substrate metallization. First, Bi2O3-B2O3-ZnO glass frits with various compositions and glass transition ...temperatures (Tg) of 322 °C–440 °C were synthesized by using a traditional melt-quenching method. Then, silver pastes containing different contents of the glass frit were sintered on an Al2O3 substrate at temperatures ranging from 450 °C to 600 °C. The glass frit content and the sintering temperature had significant impacts on the electrical resistivity and shear strength of the product. The experimental results indicated that the silver film formed from the paste containing 7 wt.% glass frit and sintered at 600 °C for 15 min had a low electrical resistivity of 2.5 μΩ cm and a high strength of 28.5 MPa. These properties resulted from the formation of a stable glass network that supported the Ag network. Furthermore, ZnAl2O4 was observed to form close to the interface of the Al2O3 substrate, which could improve the shear strength. Moreover, the Bi-based glass frit could be a suitable substitute for Pb-based glass frits in the preparation of environmentally friendly silver pastes for forming thick Ag films on Al2O3 substrates.
•Various studies of low-melting glass powders have shown that the addition of SrO promotes the formation of more BO4 structural units.•Ultra-fine transition zone (width 10 nm) and small Bi24B2O39 ...crystallites are observed in the area where the sealing glass is connected to the soda-lime glass substrate.•ystallitesin the transition zone is discovered.
Display omitted
We studied the feasibility of using Bi-based lead-free glass paste as bonding material on soda-lime glass substrates, without any activation preparation on the bonding surfaces. In order to fabricate Bi2O3-B2O3-ZnO-BaO-SrO system low-melting glass frit, quenching is performed using deionized water after melting using a muffle furnace. Glass paste consisting of glass frit mixed with organic solvent is deposited on the surface of the soda-lime glass substrate by screen printing, and the sealing of the glass substrate is finally achieved at the bonding temperature (500 °C). we discuss the properties of glass powder, the joint microstructure of irregular amorphous glass, the shear properties and the glass frit bonding mechanism based on the characterization results of DSC, XRD, FTIR, Raman, XPS, SEM and TEM. Furthermore, the investigation concentrated on mechanical properties and microstructural characterization of the joined area with two silica substrates. As the SrO content increased from 0 to 3 mol%, Tg increased from 396 °C to 418 °C with increasing SrO content. Accompanied by an increase in SrO content from 1 mol% to 2 mol%, the room-temperature shear strength of the glass specimens increased from 28.5 to 45 MPa. The growth of Bi24B2O39 crystallites precipitated at the interface was studied.
Archeological campaigns along the track of the Domitian road in Cuma resulted in the recovery of a large amount of potshards and crucible fragments (both open and closed forms), covered with residues ...of blue and green frits, respectively. Typological analysis of the crucibles combined with mineralogical and petrological analyses on the ceramic body and frit residues revealed that the forms are intimately related to the technological data. Newly formed calcium silicates indicate high firing treatments of crucibles during pigment making (not lower than 950°C). In particular, different working temperatures for the two types of crucibles have been estimated by the presence/absence of sodalite‐nosean feldspathoid. This mineral formed after the reaction of Si‐Al‐rich material (the sintered ceramic body) and alkalis transferred to ceramics via chemical diffusion during the pigment synthesis. Thus, the estimated working temperatures are higher for closed forms (>1100°C) and lower for the open ones (950–1050°C). This different thermal treatment perfectly fits with the temperatures of green and blue pigment synthesis; higher temperatures for green pigments allowed the formation of abundant Cu‐bearing glassy phase, whereas, blue pigment is prone to the formation and thermal stability of cuprorivaite crystals (950–1050°C). Moreover, the two frits showed similar recipes (quartz‐feldspar‐calcite‐rich sand) with the exception of more abundant Cu‐bearing colorant agent in blue hue and higher proportion of alkaline flux in green frit. The obtained data suggested that crucibles were a fundamental tool for pigment manufacturing, likely one of the best example of ancient technical ceramics, as they permitted controlling the temperatures along with the fuel and the treatment time. Combining analytical and archeological data, the production and the technology of the two colored compounds identified as Egyptian Blue and Green frits in ancient Cuma has been inferred. Finally, considering the Vitruvius excerpt that identified an Egyptian Blue production in Puteoli, the area of production can be widen up to the northern Phlegraean Fields, also including Cumae and Liternum.
For P-doped glass frits, the doping efficiency of phosphorus is low because of the volatility of phosphorus at high temperatures. A lead-free 5% P-doped glass frit was prepared using low-temperature ...phosphorus diffusion. The network structure formed by the glass was mainly composed of BiO6 octahedron, SiO4 tetrahedron, and BO4 tetrahedron. The pore size of the glass frit was distributed in the mesopore range. High-temperature microscopy confirmed that the glass frit began to soften at 620 °C. The glass frit was prepared into a front silver paste for multicrystalline silicon solar cells. The high efficiency of P2O5 doping helped resolve problematic defects caused by the typically poor doping efficiency of P-doping while forming the n-type emitter and p-n junction of solar cell. Finally, the solar cell photovoltaic conversion efficiency improved to 18.3%.
•P-doped lead-free glass frit is prepared by the low-temperature phosphorus diffusion method, which solves the problem of low doping efficiency caused by phosphorus volatilization at high temperature to a certain extent.•Choosing the 5% P-doped lead-free glass frit not only has a more appropriate doping amount, but also has a more suitable softening temperature and contact angle.•The high-efficiency doping of P2O5 makes up for the defects in the production of solar cells and improves the photovoltaic conversion efficiency.
Currently, silicon-strain-gauge-based diaphragm pressure sensors use four single-gauge chips for high-output sensitivity. However, the four-single-gauge configuration increases the number of glass ...frit bonds and the number of aluminum wire bonds, reducing the long-term stability, reliability, and yield of the diaphragm pressure sensor. In this study, a new design of general-purpose silicon strain gauges was developed to improve the sensor output voltage while reducing the number of bonds. The new gauges consist grid patterns with a reciprocating arc of silicon piezoresistors on a thin glass backing. The gauges make handling easier in the bonding process due to the use of thin glass for the gauge backing. The pressure sensors were tested under pressure ranging from 0 to 50 bar at five different temperatures, with a linear output with a typical sensitivity of approximately 16 mV/V/bar and an offset shift of -6 mV to 2 mV. The new approach also opens the possibility to extend arc strain gauges to half-bridge and full-bridge configurations to further reduce the number of glass frit and Al wire bonds in the diaphragm pressure sensor.
