Even before the publication of Darwin's Origin of Species, the perception of evolutionary change has been a tree-like pattern of diversification — with divergent branches spreading further and ...further from the trunk. In the only illustration of Darwin's treatise, branches large and small never reconnect. However, it is now evident that this view does not adequately encompass the richness of evolutionary pattern and process. Instead, the evolution of species from microbes to mammals builds like a web that crosses and re-crosses through genetic exchange, even as it grows outward from a point of origin. Some of the avenues for genetic exchange, for example introgression through sexual recombination versus lateral gene transfer mediated by transposable elements, are based on definably different molecular mechanisms. However, even such widely different genetic processes may result in similar effects on adaptations (either new or transferred), genome evolution, population genetics, and the evolutionary/ecological trajectory of organisms. For example, the evolution of novel adaptations (resulting from lateral gene transfer) leading to the flea-borne, deadly, causative agent of plague from a rarely-fatal, orally-transmitted, bacterial species is quite similar to the adaptations accrued from natural hybridization between annual sunflower species resulting in the formation of several new species. Thus, more and more data indicate that evolution has resulted in lineages consisting of mosaics of genes derived from different ancestors. It is therefore becoming increasingly clear that the tree is an inadequate metaphor of evolutionary change. In this book, the author promotes the ‘web-of-life’ metaphor as a more appropriate representation of evolutionary change in all life-forms.
This book presents a history of the last two centuries of biology. It covers early evolutionary biology — Lamarck, Cuvier, Darwin, and Wallace through to Mayr and the neodarwinian synthesis — and ...also discusses social implications, the struggles with our religious understanding, and the interweaving of genetics into evolutionary theory. The book's account is an integration of the cytological tradition and the new understanding of the diversification of life coming from comparative analyses of complete microbial genomes. The book includes the history of research and theories about symbiosis in evolution, research on microbial evolution, bacterial evolution, and symbiosis in evolution.
Curah hujan yang semakin tidak menentu memberikan efek yang cukup signifikan pada bidang pertanian dan perkebunan. Salah satu bidang perkebunan yang memanfaatkan pola curah hujan adalah perkebunan ...apel. Petani apel membutuhkan perhitungan curah hujan untuk menentukan kapan proses pembungaan yang tepat agar hasil panen yang di dapatkan bisa maksimal. Namun, karena tidak menentunya pola curah hujan, petani menjadi kesulitan dalam menentukan waktu pembungaan dan panen apel menjadi tidak maksimal. Pada penelitian ini dibuat sebuah pemodelan yang paling optimal dalam memprediksi curah hujan di daerah Batu, Jawa Timur menggunakan metode hybrid FIS Tsukamoto dan algoritma genetika. Metode hybrid yang dilakukan adalah mengoptimasi batasan fungsi keanggotaan FIS Tsukamoto menggunakan algoritma genetika. Setelah proses pengujian, penerapan metode Metode hybrid FIS Tsukamoto dan algoritma genetika dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi curah hujan dengan nilai error RMSE lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan FIS Tsukamoto tanpa optimasi. Nilai error RMSE pada daerah Junggo sebesar 6.485, pada daerah Pujon sebesar 6.932, pada daerah Tinjomulyo sebesar 5.969, pada daerah Ngujung sebesar 5.498.
Abstract
The erratic rainfall has a significant effect on agriculture and plantations. One area of plantations that utilizes rainfall patterns is apple plantations. Apple farmers need rainfall calculations to determine when the flowering process is right so that the yield can be maximized. However, due to the uncertainty of rainfall patterns, farmers have difficulty in determining the time of flowering and harvesting apples to be not optimal. In this study, the most optimal modeling was used to predict rainfall in the Batu area, East Java using the hybrid FIS Tsukamoto method and genetic algorithm. The hybrid method used is to optimize the boundary function of Tsukamoto's FIS membership using a genetic algorithm. After the testing process, the application of the hybrid method of the Tsukamoto FIS method and the genetic algorithm can be used to predict rainfall with a smaller RMSE error compared to the FIS Tsukamoto without optimization. RMSE error value in Junggo area is 6,485, in Pujon area is 6,932, in Tinjomulyo area is 5,969, in Ngujung area is 5,498.
Knapsack problems is a problem that often we encounter in everyday life. Knapsack problem itself is a problem where a person faced with the problems of optimization on the selection of objects that ...can be inserted into the container which has limited space or capacity. Problems knapsack problem can be solved by various optimization algorithms, one of which uses a genetic algorithm. Genetic algorithms in solving problems mimicking the theory of evolution of living creatures. The components of the genetic algorithm is composed of a population consisting of a collection of individuals who are candidates for the solution of problems knapsack. The process of evolution goes dimulasi of the selection process, crossovers and mutations in each individual in order to obtain a new population. The evolutionary process will be repeated until it meets the criteria o f an optimum of the resulting solution. The problems highlighted in this research is how to resolve the problem by applying a genetic algorithm knapsack. The results obtained by the testing of the system is built, that the knapsack problem can optimize the placement of goods in containers or capacity available. Optimizing the knapsack problem can be maximized with the appropriate input parameters.
S využitím skvělé povídky Jorge Borgese a její postavy jménem Funes el Memorioso tento text popisuje mimořádnost a zvláštnost problému memorizačních procesů a jejich sociální reprezentace, zvláště ...jejich konstruování uvnitř životního světa. Akty pamatování a zapomínání jsou ukázány jako specifické klasifikující, interpretativní hermeneutické intersubjektivní aktivity. Hlavní argumenty textu se odvíjejí od analýzy muzeí jako institucionálních, materiálních, vědeckých a na budoucnost orientovaných míst paměti. Ve světle antropologické reflexe západní konceptualizace času text analyzuje Mendelovo muzeum genetiky a dědičnosti. Vedle toho je reprezentace západního modernistického času zkoumána jako specifické kontinuum, navzájem propojující ideje minulosti, přítomnosti a budoucnosti.
Dalam pemodelan dan pemecahan suatu masalah, banyak yang mendapatkan kesulitan dalam menemukan sebuah metode untuk melakukan pendekatan terhadap suatu masalah yang lebih optimal dan efisien. Beberapa ...metode telah dikembangkan untuk dapat digunakan dalam pemecahan berbagai permasalahan. Sebagian besar metode tersebut menerapkan prinsip probabilitas yang dianggap dapat meminimalisasi kesalahan. Pada penelitian ini dipergunakan Jaringan Syaraf Tiruan untuk menentukan parameter peluang pindah silang (Pc) dan peluang mutasi (Pm) yang terdapat pada Algoritma Genetika untuk menentukan parameter pengendali Proportional Integral Derivative (PID). Penelitian ini mengambil objek motor arus searah. Dari penelitian ini didapatkan hasil terbaik pada populasi 100 dengan parameter PID yaitu Kp bernilai 1.0309, Ki bernilai 25.9346 dan Kd bernilai 0.0186, dimana nilai fitnes terbaik, yaitu 0.22443 pada generasi ke 64, dengan nilai fitnes rata-rata 11.6918. Respon sistem yang dihasilkan juga tidak memiliki overshot, tidak memiliki peak time, settling time 0.345 detik, dan rise time 10-90% sebesar 0.10977 detik. Sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa penggunaan Jaringan Syaraf Tiruan yang dikombinasikan dengan Algoritma Genetika dalam menentukan parameter pengendali PID cukup berhasil.
Subjektivna dobrobit često je ispitivan konstrukt u psihološkim istraživanjima, a njegova popularnost sve više raste tijekom posljednjih
tridesetak godina. Definira se kao spoj kognitivne evaluacije ...života i afektivnih tendencija. Međutim, u literaturi postoje određene nekonzistentnosti i razlike u njezinoj operacionalizaciji koje će se opisati u ovome radu. Nakon upoznavanja s konstruktom ovaj pregledni rad
fokusirat će se na dva osnovna cilja. Za početak, predstavit će se dosadašnja saznanja o izvorima individualnih razlika u subjektivnoj dobrobiti na temelju istraživanja koja su koristila bihevioralno-genetičku metodologiju. Rezultati tih studija upućuju na umjerenu heritabilnost subjektivne dobrobiti koja se kreće u rasponu od 30 do 40 %. Glavni fokus zatim će biti na prikazivanju povezanosti subjektivne dobrobiti s osobinama ličnosti. Prvo će se predstaviti nalazi istraživanja na razini fenotipske povezanosti koji ukazuju na snažnu povezanost subjektivne dobrobiti s neuroticizmom, ekstraverzijom te u nešto manjoj mjeri sa savjesnošću. Te fenotipske korelacije u konačnici će se protumačiti iz bihevioralno-genetičke perspektive, odnosno prikazom nalaza istraživanja koja su se bavila ispitivanjem etiologije koja stoji u podlozi navedenih korelacija. Istraživanja jasno
upućuju na preklapanje genske varijance između subjektivne dobrobiti i osobina ličnosti, a upitnim ostaje postoji li genski efekt subjektivne dobrobiti koji je nezavisan od ličnosti.
Subjective well-being is a construct that was examined within numerous psychological research and its popularity has been growing over the last
thirty years. It is defined as a combination of cognitive evaluation of
one’s life and affective tendencies. However, there are certain inconsistencies and differences in its operationalization in the literature, which will be discussed in this paper. After presenting the definition of subjective well-being, this paper will focus on two main goals. First will be presented findings about the sources of individual differences in subjective well-being, based on the studies that used a behavioural genetic methodology. Results of those studies suggest a moderate heritability of subjective well-being, ranging from 30-40%. Secondly, the main aim is to report the findings of the associations between subjective well-being and personality traits. Numerous studies indicate a strong phenotypic association of subjective well-being with neuroticism, extraversion, and, to a lesser extent, with conscientiousness. Finally, these phenotypic correlations will additionally be interpreted from a behavioural genetic perspective, i.e., with the presentation of studies that have examined the aetiology of these correlations. Namely, different studies showed that subjective well-being and personality share genetic variance but it is not yet clear whether there is a genetic effect of subjective well-being that is
independent of personality.
Intended as a companion to the Fundamentals of Forensic DNA Typing volume published in 2009, Advanced Topics in Forensic DNA Typing: Methodology contains 18 chapters with 4 appendices providing ...up-to-date coverage of essential topics in this important field and citation to more than 2800 articles and internet resources. The book builds upon the previous two editions of John Butler's internationally acclaimed Forensic DNA Typing textbook with forensic DNA analysts as its primary audience. This book provides the most detailed information written to-date on DNA databases, low-level DNA, validation, and numerous other topics including a new chapter on legal aspects of DNA testing to prepare scientists for expert witness testimony. Over half of the content is new compared to previous editions. A forthcoming companion volume will cover interpretation issues.
Contains the latest information - hot-topics and new technologiesWell edited, attractively laid out, and makes productive use of its four-color formatAuthor John Butler is ranked as the number one "high-impact author in legal medicine and forensic science, 2001 to 2011" by ScienceWatch.com
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