The state of Uttarakhand, India is plagued by the unique situation of "ghost villages", where not a single resident remains in the village. Number of reasons and solutions have been ascribed to this ...situation. Community-based tourism (CBT) has been promoted as an option to prevent outbound migration. Thus, preventing the emergence of new ghost villages. The success of community-based tourism is predicated on its acceptance by the host village community. The present qualitative research identifies the acceptance and inhibiting factors of the host community towards the CBT. While the host community has granted cognitive & pragmatic legitimacy to the CBT phenomena and accepted the evolving social norms, the moral legitimacy for CBT is still lacking from the community elders.
This paper deals with out-migration which has been a common phenomenon in the hill regions and is closely related to their socio-economic and cultural patterns. In particular, male-specific ...out-migration has been a sustained tradition from the hill districts of Uttarakhand. The people have been migrating not just for seeking diverse avenues of employment, but also for accessing better educational and health opportunities. As per 2011 Census, the overall population growth rate in the state was 1.7% with huge differentials in the hill and plain districts. Hill districts witnessed one-fourth growth (0.7%) of the population compared to that of plain districts (2.8%) suggestive of huge out-migration from these (hill) districts of the state. The important thing to note is that the nature and patterns of out-migration have now paved the way from long-term to permanent out-migration. Also, the lack of employment opportunities is creating distress out-migration to destinations within or outside the state, which has become a major cause of concern. The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the most short-term migrants who returned to their villages in desperation resulting in despondency and distress. In this context, the paper explores the factors of distress migration by analysing the data from a quick survey of 323 return migrants carried out in June 2020 to understand their employment and livelihood profile, reasons for their return to native places, coping mechanism and future plans. The findings reveal that due to lack of livelihood opportunities in their place of origin, most of them would eventually like to return to their destination places in the future to eke out their living. From a policy point of view, enhancing the economic base and livelihood opportunities by focusing on niche activities with improved provisioning of educational and health infrastructure and services can eventually help restrict out-migration from Uttarakhand.
This study presents military training areas as important military landscapes, and sites of conflict in their own right. It explores the development of military-environmentalism at two active British ...training areas, Salisbury Plain Training Area and Lulworth Range, Dorset. It contrasts the rise of the military-environmental discourse with the removal of human inhabitants of the areas during the Second World War. The public protests and memorial attempts that followed, it argues, along with (but not allied with) emerging environmentalism, shaped military understanding of the value of its landholdings. Two walks at Salisbury Plain Training Area and Imber highlight the critical role of access in militarized landscapes. This study goes beyond the barbed wire to reveal military training areas as complex places, at which a site-based perspective teases out the nuances of broad narratives-war, rural development, environmentalism, and anti-military protest-as they have played out on two different landscapes from 1943 to the present.
The findings of this study are summarized as follow: The results of multi-answers to questionnaires indicate that causes of the defunct villages resulted from their internal factors are classified ...into eight types. Main types are B: employment problems, A: natural disasters, D: natural disasters+employment problems, and C: inconvenience of life. Figure-2 shows the distribution of types of causes. Types which have the factor of natural disasters principally range on the snowy areas along the west side of main island of Japan. On the other hand, types like B, C, and F range mainly on the southwestern Japan. This study shows that type B has a more severe condition than type C in terms of the altitude gap and the distance from their own town hall. A cluster analysis of the percentages of causes indicates that the areas are classified into three groups, Northern Japan group, Western Coast Japan group, and Southwestern Japan group. The ratio of villages engaged in forestry correlates distinctly with the factor of employment problems, while the ratio of those engaged in rice farming correlates with the factor of natural disasters. And the ratio of those engaged in charcoal burning is higher in Western Coast Japan group.
This article discusses the process of defunct villages after World War II in Japan. The findings of this study are summarized as follows : 1. According to the comparison of different versions of maps ...(1:50,000) published by Geographical Survey Institute, Figure-3 was acquired. As many as 2922 villages are estimated to have been lost in Japan between the end of World War II, 1945, and the year 1990. 2.Close observation of the maps shows that 2336 (79.9%) of the defunct villages are lost for the reasons of "their general factors", while 586 (20.1%) are lost because of "their particular factors". The particular factors consist of village transfer caused by submergences in dam constructions, village evacuation affected by the locations of other public facilities, and so on. 3.Densities of distribution of defunct villages caused by their general factors reach higher in the southwestern Japan than those in the northeastern Japan. There are some prefectures where the defunct villages resulted from their general factors are distributed more densely. Those prefectures are Wakayama (288 cases/10,000 km, and so forth), Ehime (213), Yamaguchi (195), Toyama (155), Shimane (155), Miyazaki (154), and so on. 4. According to the census, the densities of existing villages classified into the village type of 50 houses or less are higher in the southwestern Japan. At the same time, the densities of defunct villages caused by their general factors are relatively higher in the southwestern Japan than those in the northeastern Japan. There are also large regional disparities in value among prefectures.
In view of challenges such as structural weakness, ageing and depopulation, it has become more important than ever in Japan since the 2011 triple disaster to revitalise rural regions with the help of ...various bottom-up and top-down initiatives. Not only are regional residents to be strengthened in their ties to their homeland, but peripheral areas themselves are to be staged as attractive working and living spaces and restructured in the long term. "Post-colonial" dependencies on economic powers in the big cities, socio-economic disparities between urban and rural areas, and failures in long-term planning and knowledge development are only a handful of the causes that shape the challenges of rural provinces today. From grassroots initiatives to save traditional matsuri to anime tourism and marriage migration, the volume reports on the background, consequences and interactions of the problems in Japan's regions. The third volume of the series "Kultur- und Sozialwissenschaftliche Japanforschung" (Cultural and Social Science Research on Japan) thus portrays a Japan of the regions whose image is always shifting between nostalgic retreat and disconnected countryside, invigorating alternative to the big city and deserted ghost village.
Japan der Regionen Shingo Shimada, Theresa Sieland / Shingo Shimada, Theresa Sieland
2019, Letnik:
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Mit Blick auf Herausforderungen, wie Strukturschwäche, Überalterung und Entvölkerung, gilt es in Japan seit der Dreifachkatastrophe 2011 mehr denn je, mithilfe verschiedenster Bottom-Up- und ...Top-Down-Initiativen ländliche Regionen wiederzubeleben. Nicht nur sollen Regionsanwohner in ihrer Heimatverbundenheit gestärkt, sondern periphere Gebiete selbst als attraktive Arbeits- und Lebensräume inszeniert sowie langfristig umstrukturiert werden. "Postkoloniale" Abhängigkeiten von Wirtschaftsmächten in den Großstädten, sozioökonomische Gefälle zwischen Stadt und Land sowie Versäumnisse im Hinblick auf Langzeitplanung und Wissensentwicklung sind nur eine Handvoll der Ursachen, die die heutigen Herausforderungen ländlicher Provinzen prägen. Von Graswurzelinitiativen zur Rettung traditioneller matsuri über Anime-Tourismus bis hin zur Heiratsmigration berichtet der Band von Hintergründen, Folgen und Wechselwirkungen der Probleme in Japans Regionen. Der dritte Band der Reihe "Kultur- und Sozialwissenschaftliche Japanforschung" zeichnet so ein Japan der Regionen, dessen Image stets zwischen nostalgischem Rückzugsort und abgehängtem Landstrich, belebender Alternative zur Großstadt und menschenleerem Geisterdorf wandelt.
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