The passive optical network (PON) technology has been drastically improved in recent years. In spite of using the optical technology, the utilization of the entire bandwidth is a very challenging ...task. The main categories of PON are the Ethernet passive optical network (EPON) and gigabit passive optical network (GPON). These two networks use the dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithm to attain the maximum usage of bandwidth, which is provided in the network dynamically according to the need of the customers with the support of the service level agreement (SLA). This paper will provide a clear review about the DBA algorithm of both technologies as well as the comparison.
•Flexible and energy efficient TWDM PON architecture.•Capable of direct inter and intra Optical distribution network (ODN) communication.•Capable of direct inter-optical networking unit (ONU) ...communication.•Latency-aware and reliable optical network architecture for smart rural and urban communities.
Nowadays, service reliability, operation cost, transmission latency of optical access networks are the major challenging issues that need to be addressed while planning and developing the next-generation passive optical networks (NG-PONs). This paper proposes a flexible, energy-efficient, time and wavelength division multiplexed (TWDM) PON architecture that has the capability of centralized optical line terminal (OLT) resource sharing with multiple optical networks. The architecture has the point-to-point direct inter-optical networking unit (dedicated inter-ONU) transmission capability among the various ONUs located within the same optical distribution network (ODN). Such transmission may also be referred to as direct intra-ODN communication. The architecture also has the potential of transmitting an inter-ONU signal to the ONUs residing in the different ODNs (inter-ODN) belonging to the same optical network (OPN). Such transmission may be referred as the direct inter-ODN or intra-OPN transmission. The architecture reduces the normalized energy consumption of approximately 2.21875 Wh per hour, normalized transmission latency of approximately 148 µs for the direct inter-ONU transmission. This is achieved by diverting the inter-ONU signal from the remote nodes (RNs) itself towards the intended ONUs. The percentage energy saving of the proposed architecture is approximately 74 % as compared to the conventional architecture. The proposed architecture is suitable for strengthening the existing information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructures and can be implemented in next-generation flexible, energy-efficient, latency-aware, and reliable optical networks for developing smart rural and urban communities.
Nowadays, the designing and development of next-generation 5G communication systems are in their infancy stage. The incorporation of survivability, reliability, and transmission latency awareness are ...the major challenges while designing networks. Passive optical networks (PONs) are considered one of the prominent solutions to support next-generation networks. The paper proposes and demonstrates a hybrid single-mode fiber/free space optics (FSO) wavelength division multiplexed gigabit PON architecture that has the capability of fault protection and can transmit direct internetworking data. The proposed architecture also has the capability to transmit inter-optical distribution network (ODN) and intra-ODN data along with broadcasting, i.e., a particular optical networking unit (ONU) can broadcast its message to all other ONUs residing inside the ODN. The proposed architecture can reduce a minimum of 55% of transmission latency for inter-ODN transmission. Noise tolerance against Rayleigh backscattering is also enhanced by enabling the downstream and upstream transmission only in one direction. Additionally, the proposed architecture is also capable of transmitting high data rates over long distances irrespective of adverse geographical conditions or obstacles like a big mountain, wider river, etc. using a hybrid optical fiber (OF)/FSO link at the distribution network. The received optical power for 200 m of FSO length varies from −25.52 to −24.14 dBm under different atmospheric conditions in moderate and high turbulence regime. For a hybrid fiber-FSO link, the maximum power penalties of 1.5 dB can achieved. Massive high speed and reliability against link failure using a proposed hybrid OF/FSO architecture makes it more attractive for supporting the next generation of communication systems.
The existing fiber-based optical access technologies in the Republic of Kosovo are reviewed in this article. A historical background to the wireline technologies is provided with the focus on ...fiber-based technologies. This is combined with a description of the current deployments and the future prospects for fiber-based optical access technologies. In addition, the market share in the Kosovan telecommunications market is presented. The leading telecom companies are described as well as the impact that competition, government, and the regulatory authority have on Kosovo's wireline market.
The overall aim of this project is to investigate the application of a machine learning method in finding the optimized length of asleep time interval (TAS) in a cyclic sleep mechanism (CSM). Since ...past decade, the implementations of CSM in the optical network unit (ONU) to reduce the energy consumption in 10 gigabit-passive optical network (XG-PON) were extensively researched. However, the newest era sees the emergence of various network traffic with stringent demands that require further improvements on the TAS selection. Since conventional methods utilize complex algorithm, this paper presents the employment of an artificial neural network (ANN) to facilitate ONU to determine the optimized TAS values using learning from past experiences. Prior to simulation, theoretical analysis was done using the M/G/1 queueing system. The ANN was than trained and tested for the XG-PON network for optimal TAS decisions. Results have shown that towards higher network load, a decreasing TAS trend was observed from both methods. A wider TAS range was recorded from the ANN network as compared to the theoretical values. Therefore, these findings will benefit the network operators to have a flexibility measure in determining the optimal TAS values at current network conditions.
Fiber has been envisioned for delivering broadband services to the residential customer for over 30 years, yet it has only recently entered the mainstream. Currently, fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) is ...being installed in many countries at remarkable rates (even though it still constitutes only a fraction of all broadband lines in most countries). Other lightwave transmission technologies have progressed far faster. What has held FTTH up for so long? What improvements along the way have occurred? What recent changes have made it successful? This article follows the progress in moving fiber toward the home and major architectural changes that have reduced costs while increasing capabilities to meet today's needs.
PDF
