More than 34 old glasswork sites in the southeastern part of Sweden pose a permanent threat to human and environmental health due to the presence of toxic trace elements in open dumps with glass ...waste. The possibility of leaching of trace elements from different fractions of the disposed waste needed to be assessed. In the present investigation, leachate from a mixture of soil and waste glass of particle sizes of less than 2 mm (given the name fine fraction) was characterized by analyzing the pH (7.3), total organic content (TOC < 2%), organic matter content (4.4%), moisture content (9.7%), chemical oxygen demand (COD, 163 mg/kg) and trace elements content, being the values in accordance to the Swedish guidelines for landfilling of inert materials. However, very high trace elements content was found in the fine fraction as well as in all colors of waste glass, whose values were compatible to hazardous waste landfill class. Tests with Lepidium sativum growing in the fine fraction as substrate revealed chronic toxicity expressed as inhibition of root biomass growth in 11 out of 15 samples. Additionally, leachate from fine fractions posed acute toxicity to genetically modified E. coli (Toxi-Chromotest). This study highlights the importance of combining physicochemical characterization with toxicity tests for both solid waste and leachate obtained from different waste fractions for proper hazardousness assessment supporting decision making on remediation demands.
•Physicochemical properties and toxicity combined for waste glass characterization.•Risk assessment of dumped waste glass must address solid and leachate properties.•Old glassworks dumps represent hazards potential for human and environmental health.
The production of glass was one of the high technologies of the early modern period. At a heat of around 1500 degrees, mixtures of sand, lime and vegetable, wood or potash were transformed into ...greenish, crystal-clear or colorful marvels in the glassworks of Europe. Its aesthetic and material properties-transparency, workability, and durability-made glass a coveted material that was still the preserve of the elite in the 16th century and did not become an affordable mass product until the second half of the 18th century. The volume Glass in the Early Modern Period pursues an interdisciplinary approach. It takes its starting point in the conditions of glass production in early modern glassworks, the high consumption of resources, and the resulting social conflicts. The volume focuses on the various historical forms of use, glass as an object of collection, and its allegorical meaning in painting. At the same time, the volume deals with the analysis and preservation of glass objects from a scientific and conservation perspective and with the presentation of baroque glass from a museum perspective. In all of this, a close connection to the court culture of the European nobility is apparent, who acted as pioneers, patrons and, not least, buyers, users and collectors of the glass objects. In this way, many of the luxury objects have been preserved to this day.
Die Herstellung von Glas gehörte zu den Hochtechnologien der Frühen Neuzeit. Bei ca. 1500 Grad Hitze verwandelten sich in den Glashütten Europas Gemenge aus Sand, Kalk und Pflanzen-, Holz- oder Pottasche zu grünlichen, kristallklaren oder bunten Wunderwerken. Seine ästhetischen und materiellen Eigenschaften – Transparenz, Bearbeitbarkeit und Dauerhaftigkeit – machten Glas zu einem begehrten Material, das im 16. Jahrhundert noch den Eliten vorbehalten war und erst in der zweiten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts zum erschwinglichen Massenprodukt wurde. Der Band Glas in der Frühen Neuzeit verfolgt einen interdisziplinären Zugang. Er nimmt seinen Ausgang bei den Bedingungen der Glasproduktion in den frühneuzeitlichen Glashütten, dem hohen Ressourcenverbrauch und den daraus entstehenden sozialen Konflikten. Im Zentrum des Bandes stehen die verschiedenen historischen Nutzungsformen, Glas als Sammlungsgegenstand sowie dessen allegorische Bedeutung in der Malerei. Zugleich befasst sich der Band aus naturwissenschaftlicher und konservatorischer Perspektive mit der Analyse und Bewahrung der Glasobjekte und aus musealer Sichtweise mit der Präsentation von barockem Glas. Bei allem zeigt sich eine enge Verbindung zur Hofkultur des europäischen Adels, der als Wegbereiter, Förderer und nicht zuletzt Käufer, Nutzer und Sammler der Glasobjekte auftrat. Auf diesem Weg sind viele der Luxusobjekte bis heute erhalten geblieben.
The present study addresses toxicological properties of metal contaminated soils, using glassworks sites in south-eastern Sweden as study objects. Soil from five selected glassworks sites as well as ...from nearby reference areas were analysed for total and water-soluble metal concentrations and general geochemical parameters. A battery of biotests was then applied to assess the toxicity of the glassworks soil environments: a test of phytotoxicity with garden cress (Lepidium sativum); the BioTox™ test for toxicity to bacteria using Vibrio fischeri; and analyses of abundancies and biomass of nematodes and enchytraeids. The glassworks- and reference areas were comparable with respect to pH and the content of organic matter and nutrients (C, N, P), but total metal concentrations (Pb, As, Ba, Cd and Zn) were significantly higher at the former sites. Higher metal concentrations in the water-soluble fraction were also observed, even though these concentrations were low compared to the total ones. Nevertheless, toxicity of the glassworks soils was not detected by the two ex situ tests; inhibition of light emission by V. fischeri could not be seen, nor was an effect seen on the growth of L. sativum. A decrease in enchytraeid and nematode abundance and biomass was, however, observed for the landfill soils as compared to reference soils, implying in situ toxicity to soil-inhabiting organisms. The confirmation of in situ bioavailability and negative effects motivates additional studies of the risk posed to humans of the glassworks villages.
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•The toxicological properties of metal contaminated glassworks soils was addressed.•The soils and landfills at glassworks sites contain high concentrations of several toxic metals.•A battery of biotests was used to assess toxicity of glassworks soil environments.•Toxicity of the glassworks soils was not detected by ex situ tests (phytotoxicity; the BioTox™).•A decrease in enchytraeid abundance and biomass was observed implying in situ toxicity.
A great deal of research has been devoted to the characterization of metal exposure due to the consumption of vegetables from urban or industrialized areas. It may seem comforting that concentrations ...in crops, as well as estimated exposure levels, are often found to be below permissible limits. However, we show that even a moderate increase in metal accumulation in crops may result in a significant increase in exposure. We also highlight the importance of assessing exposure levels in relation to a regional baseline. We have analyzed metal (Pb, Cd, As) concentrations in nearly 700 samples from 23 different vegetables, fruits, berries and mushrooms, collected near 21 highly contaminated industrial sites and from reference sites. Metal concentrations generally complied with permissible levels in commercial food and only Pb showed overall higher concentrations around the contaminated sites. Nevertheless, probabilistic exposure assessments revealed that the exposure to all three metals was significantly higher in the population residing around the contaminated sites, for both low-, median- and high consumers. The exposure was about twice as high for Pb and Cd, and four to six times as high for As. Since vegetable consumption alone did not result in exposure above tolerable intakes, it would have been easy to conclude that there is no risk associated with consuming vegetables grown near the contaminated sites. However, when the increase in exposure is quantified, its potential significance is harder to dismiss – especially when considering that exposure via other routes may be elevated in a similar way.
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•Pb, Cd and As concentrations in vegetables were below permissible limits.•The intake of local vegetables alone did not render an intake above TDIs.•Hence, vegetable consumption around the contaminated sites may seem safe.•Significantly higher exposures were, however, assessed for the contaminated sites.•These results highlight the significance of establishing a reference baseline.
At the southeastern part of Sweden, old art and crystal waste glass has been identified as a hazardous waste due to high weight concentrations of Pb (32.398%), Cd (0.085%), and As (1.976%). The ...reduction-melting technique was used to investigate the extraction of these trace elements from powder waste glass of particle size < 1 mm. Following a factorial design technique, the experimental results of the reduction-melting method showed that 99.9% of Pb, 100% of Cd, and 99% of As could be extracted. For a batch of 10 g powder waste glass, the found experimental and theoretical optimum operating conditions were 1100 °C of melting temperature, 5 g of Na
2
CO
3
, 2 g of carbon, and 120 min of melting time. The reduction-melting method displayed promising results which might help in recycling the extracted trace elements and glass compared to the current used solution of landfilling as hazardous wastes.
La Exposición-Muestrario de A Coruña se celebró en agosto de 1919, organizada por el consejo provincial de Agricultura y Ganadería e impulsada por el ingeniero jefe de minas Ramón del Cueto y Noval ...con el propósito de exhibir la producción que generaban las industrias y comercios de Galicia. Gracias a las escasas fuentes documentales que se conservan sobre este evento, especialmente a su catálogo fotográfico, se muestran algunos objetos que elaboraban las industrias coruñesas más importantes de las primeras décadas del siglo XX. Como resultado, se dan a conocer inéditamente esas empresas y algunos ejemplos puntuales de la producción artística y cultura material desaparecida que gestaron, como las escenografías de José de Souza Losada, la fundición Wonenburger, la vidriería de Narciso Pereira o los mármoles de Hijos de Baltasar Escudero, entre muchos otros.
This paper describes a new and substantial acquisition of original glass products produced by major glassworks in the Novohrad region. The paper is divided into three parts based on their origin ...(Zlatno, Katarínska Huta and Poltár), where each part briefly describes the history of the glassworks as well as its typical production as represented in the acquired collection.
High lead (Pb) concentration has been measured in the incoming water to the water supply for a small Swedish village since the 1990s. There are several sources of the contamination and the objective ...of this study was to identify these by analysis of Pb isotopes. Lead has four stable isotopes in nature (
204
Pb,
206
Pb,
207
Pb,
208
Pb) and the relative proportions of these vary according to their geological source. The study showed that two anthropogenic sources of Pb, a glassworks deposit and a highway, had similar Pb isotope ratios and thus it was not possible to separate them. However, the very high Pb concentration in the glassworks deposit suggested that this is the main source of the very high concentrations observed occasionally in low flow conditions. The soil in the recharge area of the most important well for the water supply had elevated Pb concentrations compared with background values in soils. Moreover, the Pb ratios in this soil differed from those in the anthropogenic sources. Several sites of mineralisation or natural enrichment have been identified in outcrops about 14 km northwest of the site and several anomalies in Pb exist in the glacial till. The conclusion was that Pb originating from the soil in the recharge area generally dominates and leads to Pb concentrations in water of 1–2 µg L
−1
. However, at higher concentrations, e.g. around 10 µg L
−1
, water transported in cracks and fissure from the glassworks deposit becomes more important.
Archaeological building recording and fabric analysis was carried out, aimed at clarifying the chronological development of a complex of late-nineteenth/early-twentieth centuryworkshops and ...warehouses prior to their demolition/refurbishment.
An archaeological watching brief was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology during groundworks associated with the removal of contaminated soils, the re-profiling of site levels/protection of extant ...archaeological remains and the excavation of gabion footing trenches at the former Nailsea Glassworks. A stone wall and a cellar were revealed to the north of the site. These two structures were not previously recorded. Four other bits of masonry walls not seen before were also revealed. Other previously recorded structures from the glassworks were observed to the south, and a detached grave marker was found on the western part of the site. No artefactual material was recovered.
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