A survey of viruses affecting grapevine in the wine regions of the Western Cape Province in South Africa was conducted. The survey determined the relative abundance of five different Grapevine ...leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) variants. Virus profiles were also determined for individual vines. A total of 315 plants were sampled and analysed over two growing seasons. Five GLRaV-3 variants were detected as either single or mixed infections, with GLRaV-3 variant groups II and VI being the most prominent as single infections and in combinations with each other and other variants. An analysis of the distribution of variants per region showed that single infections of variant groups II and VI occurred predominantly in certain regions, and were equally distributed in the red and white cultivars studied. The distribution of a recently identified, unclassified variant of GLRaV-3 (represented by isolates GH24 and GTG10) was included in the study. The overall analysis showed that infection with variant groups II and VI were the most abundant among the samples with 49.8 and 47.6 %, respectively, followed by variant group I, variants similar to isolate GH24 and variant group III with 16.2, 13.3 and 2.5 % infection, respectively. Mixed infections, representing 36 virus combinations, were found in 251 plants. The most abundant virus combination was GLRaV-3 with Grapevine virus E (GVE), found in 28 % of the plants. GLRaV-3 was the predominant virus detected in the samples with a frequency of 80 % detection, followed by GVE (57.4 %), Grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (GRSPaV) (36.8 %), Grapevine virus A (GVA) (19.3 %), Grapevine virus F (GVF) (16.25 %), Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (GLRaV-2) (8.25 %), Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 (GLRaV-1) (1.58 % infection) and Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 4 (GLRaV-4 like) (0.6 %). Most of the plants tested were infected with multiple viruses. The complexity of virus populations detected in this study, highlights the need for detection methods able to identify all viruses and their variants in vineyards. The information generated in this study will assist in the development of reliable detection assays that will benefit the monitoring of disease spread and aid in the efficient management of Grapevine leafroll disease (GLD).
Abstract Double stranded RNA, isolated from 44 pooled randomly selected vines from a diseased South African vineyard, has been used in a deep sequencing analysis to build a census of the viral ...population. The dsRNA was sequenced in an unbiased manner using the sequencing-by-synthesis technology offered by the Illumina Genome Analyzer II and yielded 837 megabases of metagenomic sequence data. Four known viral pathogens were identified. It was found that Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) is the most prevalent species, constituting 59% of the total reads, followed by Grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus and Grapevine virus A. Grapevine virus E , a virus not previously reported in South African vineyards, was identified in the census. Viruses not previously identified in grapevine were also detected. The second most prevalent virus detected was a member of the Chrysoviridae family similar to Penicillium chrysogenum virus. Sequences aligning to two other mycoviruses were also detected.
•Fenile, Ginestra, Pepella, and Ripoli autochthonous grapes were chemically characterized.•Phenolics, amino acids and oleanolic acid were analyzed by NMR, LC-MS and HPLC.•Chemical characterization of ...grapes will serve as a tool of variety differentiation.•Chemical characterization of grapes will help wineries to ameliorate their wines.
Minor grape varieties often possess key traits to produce wines with specific territorial identity. Italy is home to a wide selection of autochthonous grapevines. In 2005, four white grape varieties from the Amalfi coast, Fenile, Ginestra, Pepella and Ripoli were registered in the National Catalogue grapevines. They are all complementary varieties with a rich biodiversity and linked to an ancient wine heritage. Studies on such varieties have not been conducted yet. Here, the metabolite content of the above four grape varieties is described. Ripoli was the richest in quercetin derivatives while very low was the content of kaempferol derivatives; Pepella possessed an equal amount of quercetins and kaempferols; Ginestra and Fenile featured a quercetins abundance twice that of kaempferols. Also, the (+)-catechin content was higher than (–)-epicatechin's; B-type procyanidins occurred in higher concentrations in Pepella and Ripoli than in Fenile and Ginestra. Hydroxycinnamic acids were also identified and quantified. Seeds from each variety were carefully analyzed and flavanols were identified up to decamers along with their galloylation percentage. The obtained data are a tool of variety differentiation and useful to develop appropriate vinification procedures to ameliorate the quality of wines.
Viral diseases in viticulture lead to annual losses in the quantity and quality of grape production. Since no direct control measures are available in practice, preventive measures are taken to keep ...the vines healthy. These include, for example, the testing of propagation material for viruses such as
(ArMV),
(GFLV) or
1 (GLRaV-1) and 3 (GLRaV-3). As long-term investigations have shown, GLRaV-1 (2.1%) occurs most frequently in southwestern German wine-growing regions, whereas GLRaV-3 (<0.1%) is almost never found. However, tests conducted over 12 years indicate that there is no general decline in virus-infected planting material. Thus, it can be assumed that a spread of the viruses via corresponding vectors still takes place unhindered. Beyond the examinations regulated within the German Wine Growing Ordinance, one-time tests were carried out on
(GPGV). This analysis showed that GPGV was found in 17.2% of the samples.
This study focused on the viruses of the
family that infect grapevines in the Czech Republic. Complete sequences of GFkV (grapevine fleck virus) and GRGV (grapevine red globe virus) from the genus
...and GRVFV (grapevine rupestris vein feathering virus) and GSyV-1 (grapevine Syrah virus 1) from the genus
were obtained using high-throughput sequencing of small RNAs and total RNAs. Mixed infections with these viruses were observed, as well as several variants of these viruses in the same plant. Phylogenetic analysis showed the position of the newly obtained virus isolates within the
family. Recombinant analysis provided evidence of single and multiple intraspecific recombinations in GRGV, GSyV-1, and GRVFV. Additionally, GAMaV, a grapevine virus from the genus
, was reported for the first time in the Czech Republic.
In recent years, the Ontario grape and wine industry has experienced outbreaks of viral diseases across the province. Little is known about the prevalence of viruses and viral diseases in Ontario. ...Since 2015, we have conducted large-scale surveys for major viruses in commercial wine grapes in order to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the prevalence and severity of viral diseases in Ontario.
A total of 657 composite leaf samples representing 3285 vines collected from 137 vine blocks of 33 vineyards from three appellations: Niagara Peninsula, Lake Erie North Shore and Prince Edward County. These samples covered six major red cultivars and five major white grape cultivars. Using a multiplex RT-PCR format, we tested these samples for 17 viruses including those involved in all major viral diseases of the grapevine, such as five grapevine leafroll-associated viruses (GLRaV-1, 2, 3, 4, 7), grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV), grapevine Pinot gris virus (GPGV), grapevine rupestris stem sitting-associated virus (GRSPaV), grapevine virus A (GVA), grapevine virus B (GVB), grapevine fleck virus (GFkV), arabis mosaic virus (ArMV), tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV), trapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), among others.
Fourteen of the 17 viruses were detected from these samples and the predominant viruses are GRSPaV, GLRaV-3, GFkV, GPGV and GRBaV with an incidence of 84.0, 47.9, 21.8, 21.6 and 18.3%, respectively. As expected, mixed infections with multiple viruses are common. 95.6% of the samples included in the survey were infected with at least one virus; 67% of the samples with 2-4 viruses and 4.7% of the samples with 5-6 viruses. The major grape cultivars all tested positive for these major viruses. The results also suggested that the use of infected planting material may have been one of the chief factors responsible for the recent outbreaks of viral diseases across the province.
This is the first such comprehensive survey for grapevine viruses in Ontario and one of the most extensive surveys ever conducted in Canada. The recent outbreaks of viral diseases in Ontario vineyards were likely caused by GLRaV-3, GRBV and GPGV. Findings from this survey provides a baseline for the grape and wine industry in developing strategies for managing grapevine viral diseases in Ontario vineyards.
Detection of Grapevine Viruses in Poland Komorowska, Beata; Berniak, Hanna; Golis, Tomasz
Journal of phytopathology,
20/May , Letnik:
162, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
During a 3‐year study, grapevines from 23 vineyards in Poland were surveyed for virus diseases and tested to determine the prevalence of the most economically important viruses by RT‐PCR. The rate of ...positive samples was 2.2% for grapevine leafroll‐associated virus 1 (GLRaV‐1), 1.9% for grapevine leafroll‐associated virus 2 (GLRaV‐2), 1.5% grapevine leafroll‐associated virus 3 (GLRaV‐3), 1.9% for grapevine virus A (GVA), 0.2% for grapevine virus B (GVB), 0.2% for grapevine virus E (GVE), 0.65% for grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), 20.4% for grapevine fleck virus (GFkV) and 71.9% for grapevine rupestris stem pitting‐associated virus (GRSPaV). These viruses were found to occur as single or mixed infections of different combinations in individual grapevines. The overall viral infection rate in the surveyed grapevines was 82.6%. GRSPaV is the most widely distributed virus of all the viruses currently detected in the region. DNA sequencing confirmed the identification of the viruses in selected samples, and analysis indicated that the Polish isolates shared a close molecular identity with the corresponding isolates in GenBank. To our knowledge, this is the first detection of GLRaV‐1, ‐2, ‐3, GVA, GVB, GVE, GFLV, GFkV and GRSPaV in Poland.
Five grapevine viruses, including grapevine geminivirus A (GGVA), grapevine Syrah virus 1 (GSyV-1), grapevine Cabernet Sauvignon reovirus (GCSV), grapevine virus F (GVF) and grapevine Red Globe virus ...(GRGV) have been detected in four South Australian vineyards using metagenomic high throughput sequencing for the first time in Australia. Most of them were present in asymptomatic grapevines and some were present in grapevines with leafroll disease that were infected by several other viruses, including grapevine leafroll-associated viruses. Therefore, the association of GGVA, GSyV-1, GCSV, GVF and GRGV with disease in Australia is unknown.
To develop a simple method for the detection of grapevine berry inner necrosis (GINV) that does not depend on expensive instruments, a reverse transcription (RT) loop-mediated isothermal ...amplification (LAMP) assay was developed. A set of primers was used in RT-LAMP to specifically detect GINV and different GINV variants belonging to groups 1, 2 and 3. The sensitivity of the RT-LAMP was about 100 times greater than that of conventional RT-PCR. Furthermore, a rapid “pin-prick” assay without RNA extraction was developed to detect GINV in RT-LAMP. The assay performed well for the detection of GINV from different parts of field grapevine plants and micropropagated grapevine plantlets, and had a higher detection rate of GINV than RT-PCR in the tested grapevine samples.
•The sensitivity of GINV RT-LAMP was 100 times greater than conventional RT-PCR.•The GINV RT-LAMP can be applied to detect different GINV variants.•The “Pin-prick” RT-LAMP was a simpler way without RNA extraction.•The “Pin-prick” RT-LAMP performed well in field and in vitro grapevine samples.
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