Alcohol consumption in adolescents causes negative effects on familiar, social, academic life, as well as neurocognitive alterations. The binge drinking (BD) pattern of alcohol is characterized by ...the alternation of episodes of heavy drinking in a short interval of time, and periods of abstinence, a practice that can result in important brain alterations; even more than regular alcohol consumption. The prefrontal cortex, which acts as neural support for the executive processes, is particularly affected by alcohol; however, not all studies are in agreement about how BD alcohol consumption affects executive functioning. Some research has found that alcohol consumption in adolescence does not significantly affect executive functioning while others found it does. It is possible that these discrepancies could be due to the history of alcohol consumption, that is, at what age the subjects started drinking. The aim of our study is to assess the performance on executive functioning tasks of 13-19-year-old adolescents according to their pattern of alcohol consumption. We hypothesize that BD adolescents will perform worse than non-BD subjects in tasks that evaluate executive functions, and these differences will increase depending on how long they have been consuming alcohol. Three hundred and twenty-two students (48.14% females; age range 13-22 years; mean aged 16.7 ± 2.59) participated in the study; all of them had begun drinking at the age of 13 years. Participant were divided into three groups, according to their age range (13-15, 16-18, and 19-22 years) and divided according to their pattern of alcohol consumption (BD and control groups). Then, the subjects were evaluated with neuropsychological tasks that assess executive functions like working memory, inhibition, cognitive flexibility, or self-control among others. The entire sample showed a normal improvement in their executive performance, but this improvement was more stable and robust in the control group. Regarding the executive performance among age groups, control subjects only obtained better results than BDs in the 19-22-year-old range, whereas the performance was quite similar at younger ages. Considering that all the BD subjects started drinking at the same age (13 years old), it is possible that a kind of compensation mechanism exists in the adolescent brain which allows them to reach a normal performance in executive tasks. This theoretical mechanism would depend upon neuronal labor, which could lose efficacy over time with further alcohol ingestion. This process would account for the differences in neuropsychological performance, which were only observed in older students with a longer history of alcohol consumption.
This open access book uncovers one important, yet forgotten, form of itinerant livelihoods, namely petty trade, more specifically how it was practiced in Northern Europe during the period 1820–1960. ...It investigates how traders and customers interacted in different spaces and approaches ambulatory trade as an arena of encounters by looking at everyday social practices. Petty traders often belonged to subjugated social groups, like ethnic minorities and migrants, whereas their customers belonged to the resident population. How were these mobile traders perceived and described? What goods did they peddle? How did these commodities enable and shape trading encounters? What kind of narratives can be found, and whose? These questions pertaining to daily practices on a grass-root level have not been addressed in previous research. Encounters and Practices embarks on hidden histories of survival, vulnerability, and conflict, but also discloses reciprocal relations, even friendships.
This book presents a synthesis and analysis of the possessions of non-elite rural households in medieval England. Drawing on the results of the Leverhulme Trust funded project ‘Living Standards and ...Material Culture in English Rural Households, 1300-1600’, it represents the first national-scale interdisciplinary analysis of non-elite consumption in the later Middle Ages. The research is situated within debates around rising living standards in the period following the Black Death, the commercialisation of the English economy and the timing of a ‘revolution’ in consumer behaviour. Its novelty derives from its focus on non-elite rural households. Whilst there has been considerable work on the possessions of the great households and those living in larger towns, researchers have struggled to identify appropriate sources for understanding the possessions of those living in the countryside, even though they account for the majority of England’s population at this time. This book will address the gap in understanding. The study combines 3 sources of data to address 2 questions: what goods did medieval households own, and what influenced their consumption habits? The first is archaeological evidence, comprising 14,706 objects recovered from archaeological excavations. The book synthesises this data, much of which is unpublished and therefore inaccessible to researchers. The second dataset derives from lists of the seized goods of felons, outlaws and suicides collated by the Escheator, a royal official, in the 14th and 15th centuries. The work of the Escheator is not well understood, but these lists, relating to some of the poorest people in medieval society (for whom traditional sources such as wills and probate inventories do not exist), provide new insights into the living standards of rural households. The lists typically detail and value the possessions of a household, meaning that it is possible to present a quantitative analysis of non-elite consumption for the first time. The final dataset draws on equivalent lists generated by the Coroner for the 16th century. An interdisciplinary approach is essential, as many objects identified archaeologically do not occur in the written records, and goods such as textiles do not survive in the ground. Drawing these sources together therefore allows the presentation of a more comprehensive analysis of the possessions of medieval households. The introduction lays out the research context in a manner accessible to historians and archaeologists who may not be familiar with work in each other’s disciplines. This is followed by a brief summary of the research methodology and the sources underpinning the research. The next 5 chapters focus on addressing the question of what medieval households owned, discussing the evidence for kitchen equipment, tableware, furniture, clothing and personal items. The following 3 chapters discuss household economy, considering the evidence for the production of goods, variation in consumption between town and country and variation in accordance with wealth, firstly through the consideration of these themes at the national scale and secondly through a regional case study focussed on Wiltshire, which has particularly rich archaeological and documentary sources. The volume closes with a concluding chapter which places the research back into its wider context.
This article examines the access the people living in the countryside of the late 18th century south-Swedish district of Blekinge had to consumption with a focus on used clothes in the auction trade. ...Due to trade restrictions and the guild system, the peasantry’s access to consumption of goods was generally severely limited and specifically even more so in the access to both new and used clothes. Protocols of auctions attached to estate inventories is a vital source of information about when, why and how auctions where performed, and how clothes were a distinguished object category in the holding of the peasantry families. As often as the estate would be sold as a whole, it would be sold in part and the clothes form special category that are more often chosen to be sold as a whole than other items. The items put up for auctions would with few exceptions be sold, and to a higher price than the asking price. This shows that the demand for all kinds of goods was high on this limited market.
The volume contains a reassessment of the economic and social impact of the printing revolution on the development of early modern European society, using 15th-century printed books, which still ...survive today in their thousands, as historical sources. Papers on production, trade, the cost of books in comparison with the cost of living, literacy, the transmission of texts in print, and the use and circulation of books and illustration are the result of several years of international, collaborative, and multidisciplinary research coordinated by the 15cBOOKTRADE project funded by an ERC Consolidator grant (2014-2019) and supported by the Consortium of European Research Libraries.
In the autumn of 1623, a Portuguese muleteer was arrested at the
outskirts of Cáceres for transporting a fall-front cabinet made of nonEuropean Wood. This event was the beginning of a long lawsuit ...which
involved merchants, agents, local authorities, a carpenter and several
witnesses. This case reveals how historical complexity is embedded in fallfront cabinets. Indeed, when seen as consumption objects, fall-front cabinets
reveal much more than just their moment of production or their relation to
the final consumer. In this story, the fall-front cabinet is an agent who
establishes social relationships, consolidates transnational networks and
generates conflicts. This article aims at demonstrating that a study focused
on a fall-front cabinet can reveal a broad network of social relations. These
can connect spaces as diverse as Portuguese America, the Castilian court or
the Tagus River. Moreover, this case study offers the opportunity to unveil the diversity of interpretations and meanings that were created when this piece of furniture came across with an individual on its way.
Una noche de otoño de 1623, un arriero portugués fue encarcelado a las afueras de Cáceres como consecuencia de transportar un escritorio de madera no europea. Este acontecimiento dio inicio a un demorado litigio que involucró a mercaderes, intermediarios, representantes de las autoridades locales y un carpintero, así como otros personajes que fueron llamados a testificar. Este caso nos revela que los escritorios, cómo objetos de consumo, guardan en sí mismo una complejidad histórica que va más allá del momento de producción o de su relación con el consumidor final. En esta historia, el escritorio es un agente que fomenta relaciones sociales, consolida redes transnacionales y genera conflictos. El objetivo de este artículo es demostrar cómo un estudio centrado en un escritorio puede revelar una amplia red de relaciones sociales, conectando espacios tan distintos como la América portuguesa, la corte castellana, y el Tajo; así como revelar la multiplicidad de interpretaciones y significados que dicho mueble tuvo para los individuos que se cruzaron en su camino.
Resumo Este trabalho analisa o lugar ocupado por Leônidas da Silva no mercado publicitário nas décadas de 1930 e 1940, auge de sua carreira como jogador de futebol. Trata-se de investigar as formas ...pelas quais, naquele contexto, consumo e narrativa publicitária se apropriaram do futebol para expandir hábitos de compra e, simultaneamente, aumentar a popularidade e potencializar a dimensão espetacular do esporte. Leônidas era uma celebridade da época e, como tal, inaugurou lojas, estrelou anúncios, foi garoto-propaganda de algumas marcas e emprestou seu nome para produtos de sucesso. A construção de sua figura midiática revela um modelo de articulação entre esporte e consumo que, gestado na primeira metade do século XX, segue permeando o imaginário contemporâneo em um processo de transformação de craques do “universo do futebol” em estrelas do “mundo dos bens”.
Abstract This work analyses the place occupied by Leônidas da Silva in the advertising market of the 1930s and 1940s, when he was at the peak of his career as a football player. We investigate how consumer habits and advertising narratives appropriated soccer in order to expand purchasing conventions and increase the sport’s popularity and entertainment potential. Leonidas was a celebrity during this era and, like other celebrities, he would inaugurate stores, feature in adverts for various brands and lend his name to successful products - such as ‘Cigarro Leônidas’ and ‘Diamante Negro.’ The construction of his media image reveals a model of articulation between sports and consumption that took form in the first half of the twentieth century and continues to permeate the contemporary imagination, transforming outstanding footballers into stars of the ‘world of goods.’
The project VISOSMappING comes from a collaboration based on the sharing of different academic knowledges and is aimed at the development of an educational digital platform dedicated to ...sustainability, understood broadly: from the traditional meaning about the environmental notion to a transversal educational approach where “sustainability” becomes the imprint of all forms of men’s relationship with oneself, others, and with ideas, things, and events. For this aim, the educational app VISOSMappING, a working progress platform, has been conceived to allow virtually the memory and places of consumption that have taken place since the beginnings of the affluent society in Italy up to date.
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