•Germans deserve the primary credit for the proto- or early institutionalization of the history of science discipline.•History of science temporary displays and permanent exhibitions were prominent ...during the German Empire 1871–1918.•History of science activities during the German Empire served consolidation of the nation.•The bourgeoisie took the main initiative in history of science activities during the German Empire.•Nineteenth century German orientation to the historical dimension within many social and cultural realms stimulated the development of German Empire activities in the history of science.•The scholarship on historical scientific instruments dates back to the nineteenth century, including during the German Empire.
The history of science as a discipline took place in the period of the German Empire, but the historiography of its development insufficiently recognizes both its proto-institutionalization during this period and the critical role played by Germans in effecting its initial development. In this article, while alluding to the several areas in which Germans took the lead in establishing the discipline, the focus is on one representative area: the mounting of temporary and permanent exhibitions relating to the history of science during the Empire period. Reasons why Germans were motivators in these efforts include the importance of past and present excellence in science, eminence in and fascination with historical research to the new nation’s construction after German unification in 1871, and of the assertion of the nineteenth century German bourgeoisie in its role in advancing the culture of the nation. The larger argument, that subjects of the German Empire achieved critical institution-building in history of science, is supported by the incidence of displays organized by Germans, and buttressed by the fact that a number of these organizers also participated in the field’s enlarged late nineteenth and early twentieth century scholarship that was most marked among Germans of any national group.
The book publishes for the first time private letters from an to Leo Thun-Hohenstein, minister of education 1849–1860. In this periode Thun profoundly reformed the Austrian educational system.
Der ...Band veröffentlicht erstmals ausgewählte Briefe von und an Leo Thun-Hohenstein, Unterrichtsminister von 1849–1860. In seine Amtszeit fielen tiefgreifende Reformen des österreichischen Bildungssystem. Die Korrespondenz ist mit einer ausführlichen Einleitung versehen.
There are three components to boundary objects as outlined in the original 1989 article. Interpretive flexibility, the structure of informatic and work process needs and arrangements, and, finally, ...the dynamic between ill-structured and more tailored uses of the objects. Much of the use of the concept has concentrated on the aspect of interpretive flexibility and has often mistaken or conflated this flexibility with the process of tacking back-and-forth between the ill-structured and well-structured aspects of the arrangements. Boundary objects are not useful at just any level of scale or without full consideration of the entire model. The article discusses these aspects of the architecture of boundary objects and includes a discussion of one of the ways that boundary objects appeared as a concept in earlier work done by Star. It concludes with methodological considerations about how to study the system of boundary objects and infrastructure.
Long neglected in the history of Renaissance and early modern Europe, in recent years scholars have revised received understanding of the political and economic significance of the city of Naples and ...its rich artistic, musical and political culture. Its importance in the history of science, however, has remained relatively unknown. * The Science of Naples* provides the first dedicated study of Neapolitan scientific culture in the English language. Drawing on contributions from leading experts in the field, this volume presents a series of studies that demonstrate Neapolitans’ manifold contributions to European scientific culture in the early modern period and considers the importance of the city, its institutions and surrounding territories for the production of new knowledge. Individual chapters demonstrate the extent to which Neapolitan scholars and academies contributed to debates within the Republic of Letters that continued until deep into the nineteenth century. They also show how studies of Neapolitan natural disasters yielded unique insights that contributed to the development of fields such as medicine and earth sciences. Taken together, these studies resituate the city of Naples as an integral part of an increasingly globalised scientific culture, and present a rich and engaging portrait of the individuals who lived, worked and made scientific knowledge there.
This innovative collection showcases the importance of the relationship between translation and experience in premodern science, bringing together an interdisciplinary group of scholars to offer a ...nuanced understanding of knowledge transfer across premodern time and space. The volume considers experience as a tool and object of science in the premodern world, using this idea as a jumping-off point from which to view translation as a process of interaction between diff erent epistemic domains. The book is structured around four dimensions of translation—between terms within and across languages; across sciences and scientific norms; between verbal and visual systems; and through the expertise of practitioners and translators—which raise key questions on what constituted experience of the natural world in the premodern area and the impact of translation processes and agents in shaping experience. Providing a wide-ranging global account of historical studies on the travel and translation of experience in the premodern world, this book will be of interest to scholars in history, the history of translation, and the history and philosophy of science.
In this attempt to bring together in a single volume all that is known about the Swedish naturalist Peter Artedi, a chronicle of his life is provided, beginning with his early upbringing in the ...Parish of Anundsjö, Ångermanland, his school days at Härnösand, his ten years at Uppsala University, his time in England, his life and work in Holland, and ending with his untimely death by drowning in an Amsterdam canal at age 30. Benefiting enormously from an early friendship with the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus, famous for establishing binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming organisms, the two early on made elaborate plans to classify plants and animals in ways that would later be described as revolutionary. Artedi, being more interested in zoology, took on the fishes, amphibians, and reptiles—as well as the plant family Umbelliferae (Apiaceae), while Linnaeus, who was already by this time working on his sexual system for plants, took all the remaining vegetable kingdom, the insects and birds. Both agreed to work independently on minerals and mammals. Although passing before he had a chance to publish on his part of the plan, Artedi left behind a wealth of material in manuscript, mainly on the biology of fishes but also on quadrupeds, that is here translated into English from the original Latin and analyzed in light of present-day knowledge. In addition to adding details to what is already known, thanks to a number of eminent scholars, about the life of Peter Artedi, an important secondary goal of this work is to formulate a new perspective on the usefulness in practice of Artedi’s zoological methods, which no naturalist had heretofore put to paper. Readers will be surprised at the depth and breadth of his contributions, especially his work on fishes, which has earned him the well-deserved title of “Father of Ichthyology.”
This book examines the practices of contesting evidence in democratically constituted knowledge societies. It provides a multifaceted view of the processes and conditions of evidence criticism and ...how they determine the dynamics of de- and re-stabilization of evidence. Evidence is an essential resource for establishing claims of validity, resolving conflicts, and legitimizing decisions. In recent times, however, evidence is being contested with increasing frequency. Such contestations vary in form and severity – from questioning the interpretation of data or the methodological soundness of studies to accusations of evidence fabrication. The contributors to this volume explore which actors, for what reasons and to what effect, question evidence in fields such as the biological, environmental and health sciences. In addition to actors inside academia, they examine the roles of various other players, including citizen scientists, counter-experts, journalists, patients, consumers and activists. The contributors tackle questions of how disagreements are framed and how they are used to promote vested interests. By drawing on methodological and theoretical approaches from a wide range of fields, this book provides a much-needed perspective on how evidence criticism influences the development and state of knowledge societies and their political condition. Evidence Contestation will appeal to scholars and advanced students working in philosophy of science, epistemology, bioethics, science and technology studies, the history of science and technology and science communication.
Since the late twentieth century, “citizen science” has become an increasingly fashionable label for a growing number of participatory research activities. This paper situates the origins and rise ...of the term “citizen science” and contextualises “citizen science” within the broader history of public participation in science. It analyses critically the current promises — democratisation, education, discoveries — emerging within the “citizen science” discourse and offers a new framework to better understand the diversity of epistemic practices involved in these participatory projects. Finally, it maps a number of historical, political, and social questions for future research in the critical studies of “citizen science”.
A directed cross-aldol reaction of silyl enol ethers with carbonyl compounds, such as aldehydes and ketones, promoted by a Lewis acid, a reaction which is now widely known as the Mukaiyama aldol ...reaction. It was first reported in 1973, and this year marks the 40th anniversary. The directed cross-aldol reactions mediated by boron enolates and tin(II) enolates also emerged from the Mukaiyama laboratory. These directed cross-aldol reactions have become invaluable tools for the construction of stereochemically complex molecules from two carbonyl compounds. This Minireview provides a succinct historical overview of their discoveries and the early stages of their development.
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