Humor in conversation among bilinguals Marianthi Georgalidou; Vasilia Kourtis-Kazoullis; Hasan Kaili
European journal of humour research,
10/2022, Letnik:
10, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
In this study, we analyse conversations recorded during ethnographic research in two bilingual communities on the island of Rhodes, Greece. We examine: (a) the bilingual in Greek and Turkish Muslim ...community of Rhodes (Georgalidou et al. 2010, 2013) and (b) the Greek-American/Canadian community of repatriated emigrant families of Rhodian origin (Kourtis-Kazoullis 2016). In particular, combining interactional and conversation analytic frameworks (Auer 1995; Gafaranga 2007), we examine contemporary approaches to bi-/multilingualism focusing on the pragmatics of humour in conversations among bilinguals. We scrutinise aspects of the overall and sequential organisation of talk as well as instances of humour produced by speakers of different ethnic origin, generation, and social groups. We focus on the construction of “otherness,” which reflects the dynamic interplay between the micro-level of conversational practices and the macro-level of discourse involving contrasting categorisations and identities pertaining to differently orientated ethnic and social groups. Based on the analysis, we will show a) how humorous targeting orients in-groups versus out-groups, and b) mediates the dynamic process of constructing the identity of speakers who, being members of minority linguistic communities, represent “otherness.”
Diplostomum is a taxonomically problematic genus of trematodes, with many members harmful at the metacercarial stage to fish in aquaculture. We found metacercariae in the eye vitreous humor of the ...rudd, Scardinius erythrophthalmus; the bleak, Alburnus alburnus; and the roach, Rutilus rutilus, in Karelia (Russia) and identified them as Diplostomum numericum based on a combination of morphological and ecological data. Previously, D. numericum was thought to be conspecific with Diplostomum gavium. However, our phylogenetic analysis based on the sequences of the cox1 mitochondrial DNA gene did not support this hypothesis. We demonstrated the conspecificity of D. numericum with the larval trematode Diplostomum sp. Lineage 3 of Blasco-Costa et al. (2014) from the eye vitreous humor of European salmonid and cyprinid fishes. Therefore, we resurrected the species D. numericum and identified Diplostomum sp. Lineage 3 of Blasco-Costa et al. (2014) as D. numericum. Finally, we hypothesized that D. numericum was, in fact, conspecific with Diplostomum colymbi and that the latter was distinct from D. gavium sensu stricto.
We evaluated the pharmacokinetics of intravitreally injected ranibizumab and aflibercept, and their effects on VEGF in the aqueous humor of vitrectomized and nonvitrectomized macaque eyes.
...Intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR; 0.5 mg/50 μL) or intravitreal aflibercept (IVA; 2 mg/50 μL) was injected into the previously vitrectomized right eyes of three macaques and nonvitrectomized right eyes of three macaques. The left eyes served as controls (nonvitrectomized, noninjected). Aqueous humor was obtained from both eyes just before injection and on days 1 and 3, and weeks 1 to 8 after IVR and IVA. The ranibizumab, aflibercept, and VEGF concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.
The half-lives in aqueous humor of nonvitrectomized and vitrectomized eyes were, respectively, 2.3 and 1.4 days for ranibizumab, and 2.2 and 1.5 days for aflibercept. Concentration of VEGF was decreased below the limit of detection (LOD) by IVR for 3 weeks in nonvitrectomized eyes and 1 week in vitrectomized eyes, respectively, and by IVA for 6 weeks in nonvitrectomized eyes and 4 weeks in vitrectomized eyes, respectively. In the untreated control eyes, the ranibizumab and aflibercept concentrations were below the LOD, and the VEGF aqueous concentrations remained unchanged after IVR and decreased for 3 days after IVA.
Intravitreally injected ranibizumab and aflibercept have similar half-lives in aqueous humor and shorter half-lives in vitrectomized eyes. Compared to IVR, IVA suppresses VEGF level for a longer time period.
In contrast to neovascular AMD (nAMD), no treatment option exists for dry AMD. Hence, the identification of specific biomarkers is required to facilitate diagnosis and therapy of dry AMD.
The ...proteome of 34 vitreous humor samples (dry AMD: n = 6; nAMD: n = 10; proliferative diabetic retinopathy PDR: n = 9; epiretinal membrane ERM: n = 9) was analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry. Then, label-free relative quantification of dry AMD, nAMD, and PDR relative to ERM, which was defined as the reference group, was performed. Application of a bioinformatics pipeline further analyzed the vitreous proteome by cluster and gene set enrichment analysis. A selection of differentially regulated proteins was validated by ELISA.
A total of 677 proteins were identified in the vitreous of the four patient groups and quantified relatively to ERM. Different clusters of regulated proteins for each patient group were identified and showed characteristic enrichment of specific pathways including "oxidative stress" for dry AMD, "focal adhesion" for nAMD, and "complement and coagulation cascade" for PDR patients. We identified cholinesterase (CHLE) to be specifically upregulated in dry AMD and ribonuclease (pancreatic; RNAS1) together with serine carboxypeptidase (probable; CPVL) to be upregulated in both forms of AMD.
The described pathways specific for the different patient groups and the identification of characteristic differentially regulated proteins provide a first step toward the definition of biomarkers for dry AMD. The presented data will facilitate the investigation of mechanistic connections of proteins to the respective disease.
To investigate differences in outflow facility between angiographically determined high- and low-flow segments of the conventional outflow pathway in porcine eyes.
Porcine anterior segments (n = 14) ...were mounted in a perfusion chamber and perfused using Dulbecco's phosphate buffered solution with glucose. Fluorescein angiography was performed to determine high- and low-flow regions of the conventional outflow pathways. The trabecular meshwork (TM) was occluded using cyanoacrylate glue, except for residual 5-mm TM areas that were either high or low flow at baseline, designating these eyes as "residual high-flow" or "residual low-flow" eyes. Subsequently, outflow was quantitatively reassessed and compared between residual high-flow and residual low-flow eyes followed by indocyanine green angiography.
Fluorescein aqueous angiography demonstrated high-flow and low-flow regions. Baseline outflow facilities were 0.320 ± 0.08 and 0.328 ± 0.10 µL/min/mmHg (P = 0.676) in residual high-flow and residual low-flow eyes before TM occlusion, respectively. After partial trabecular meshwork occlusion, outflow facility decreased to 0.209 ± 0.07 µL/min/mmHg (-32.66% ± 19.53%) and 0.114 ± 0.08 µL/min/mmHg (-66.57% ± 23.08%) in residual high- and low-flow eyes (P = 0.035), respectively. There was a significant difference in the resulting IOP increase (P = 0.034).
Angiographically determined high- and low-flow regions in the conventional outflow pathways differ in their segmental outflow facility; thus, there is an uneven distribution of local outflow facility across different parts of the TM.
To evaluate the association between iris damage and cytokine levels in the aqueous humor (AqH).
A total of 201 AqH samples from 201 consecutive patients (mean age 73.7 ± 10.6) were collected at the ...beginning of corneal transplantation or cataract surgery. Iris damage of each case was assessed from preoperative slit-lamp findings based on its severity. The subjects were classified into three groups: eyes without iris damage (126 eyes), eyes with mild iris damage (51 eyes), and eyes with severe iris damage (24 eyes). The levels of cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17a, interferon gamma-induced protein IP-10, monocyte chemotactic protein MCP-1, IFN-α, IFN-γ, macrophage inflammatory protein MIP-1α, MIP-1β, P-selectin, E-selectin, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule sICAM-1, TNF-α, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor GM-CSF) in AqH were measured by multiplex beads immunoassay.
The levels of aqueous protein, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17A, MCP-1, TNF-α, E-selectin, P-selectin, and sICAM-1 in eyes with mild and severe iris damage were higher than in those without iris damage (P < 0.033). Multivariate analyses of clinical factors revealed that iris damage was associated with the history of complicated glaucoma, and the number of previous intraocular surgeries. The levels of AqH IL-6, IL-8, IL-13, MIP-1α, TNF-α, and sICAM-1 were significantly elevated in eyes with mild and severe iris damage in phakic eyes, and the levels of AqH IL-8 and sICAM-1 were significantly elevated in eyes with severe iris damage in pseudophakic eyes, compared with the eyes without iris damage (P < 0.045).
Iris damage was associated with the elevation in the levels of aqueous protein and cytokines.
Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es presentar una serie de ejercicios para enseñar morfología en el aula de secundaria de un modo diferente. Todos ellos se apoyan en juegos de palabras, chistes ...lingüísticos o ejemplos reales para que sean los estudiantes los que extraigan, a partir de ahí, el comportamiento morfológico de su lengua. El punto de partida es que los procesos morfológicos están presentes en la vida cotidiana de los estudiantes. Son procesos que usamos para crear nuevas palabras, para entender los neologismos, para expresar emociones o para condensar significados a través de la gramática. Con estos ejercicios, se trata de transmitir a los estudiantes que el conocimiento de la lengua radica en su propia reflexión metalingüística y es un conocimiento significativo. Se fomentan competencias básicas como la observación de la realidad, la reflexión y el espíritu crítico. Además, al introducir el humor en el aula, tratamos de crear un clima adecuado para la formación, al mismo tiempo que se fomenta la desautomatización de los procesos lingüísticos. Abstract The objective of this article is to present a series of exercises to teach morphology in a different way in high school. All of them rely on word games, linguistic jokes or real examples so that the students are the ones who deduce the morphological behavior of their language. The starting point is that morphological processes are present in the students' daily lives. We use morphology to create new words, to understand neologisms, to express emotions or to condense meanings through grammar. With these exercises, the aim is to convey to students that knowledge of the language lies in their own metalinguistic reflection. Basic competences such as observation of reality, reflection and a critical spirit are promoted. In addition, by introducing humor in the classroom, we try to create a suitable climate for training and promote the de-automation of linguistic processes.
The State-Trait Model of Cheerfulness assesses the temperamental basis of the sense of humor with the traits and respective states of cheerfulness, seriousness, and bad mood. Cheerfulness is a ...dominant factor in current measures of the sense of humor and explains both, the disposition to engaging in smiling and laughter, as well as humor behaviors, and trait seriousness and bad mood are antagonistic to the elicitation of amusement (albeit for different reasons). Several studies have shown the validity and reliability of the STCI questionnaire in German and other language versions (i.e., Spanish). In this study, the English language version with 106 items (STCI-T ) was translated, checked for its item and scale characteristics, and tested with a confirmatory factor analysis approach (
= 1101) to investigate the factorial validity of the STCI-T scale. Results show good psychometric characteristics, good internal consistencies, and a fit to the postulated underlying structure of the STCI-T. Then, the standard form with 60 items (STCI-T ) was developed and the psychometric characteristics initially tested. In an independent sample (
= 169), the characteristics of the standard form were compared to the parent form and German equivalent. It showed good psychometric characteristics, internal consistencies, as well as a good self- and peer-report congruence. To conclude, the STCI-T is the measure of choice for the assessment of the temperamental basis of the sense of humor and the separate facets of the traits, while the standard form (60 items) allows of an economic assessment of cheerfulness, seriousness, and bad mood, free of context-saturated items and humor preferences.
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