How many aqueous humor outflow pathways are there? Costagliola, Ciro; dell’Omo, Roberto; Agnifili, Luca ...
Survey of ophthalmology,
March-April 2020, 2020 Mar - Apr, 2020-03-00, 20200301, Letnik:
65, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The aqueous humor (AH) outflow pathways definition is still matter of intense debate. To date, the differentiation between conventional (trabecular meshwork) and unconventional (uveoscleral) pathways ...is widely accepted, distinguishing the different impact of the intraocular pressure on the AH outflow rate. Although the conventional route is recognized to host the main sites for intraocular pressure regulation, the unconventional pathway, with its great potential for AH resorption, seems to act as a sort of relief valve, especially when the trabecular resistance rises. Recent evidence demonstrates the presence of lymphatic channels in the eye and proposes that they may participate in the overall AH drainage and intraocular pressure regulation, in a presumably adaptive fashion. For this reason, the uveolymphatic route is increasingly thought to play an important role in the ocular hydrodynamic system physiology. As a result of the unconventional pathway characteristics, hydrodynamic disorders do not develop until the adaptive routes cannot successfully counterbalance the increased AH outflow resistance. When their adaptive mechanisms fail, glaucoma occurs. Our review deals with the standard and newly discovered AH outflow routes, with particular attention to the importance they may have in opening new therapeutic strategies in the treatment of ocular hypertension and glaucoma.
Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) is a leading cause of corneal endothelial (CE) degeneration resulting in impaired visual acuity. It is a genetically complex and age-related disorder, with ...higher incidence in females. In this study, we established a nongenetic FECD animal model based on the physiologic outcome of CE susceptibility to oxidative stress by demonstrating that corneal exposure to ultraviolet A (UVA) recapitulates the morphological and molecular changes of FECD. Targeted irradiation of mouse corneas with UVA induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the aqueous humor, and caused greater CE cell loss, including loss of ZO-1 junctional contacts and corneal edema, in female than male mice, characteristic of late-onset FECD. UVA irradiation caused greater mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA (nDNA) damage in female mice, indicative of the sex-driven differential response of the CE to UVA, thus accounting for more severe phenotype in females. The sex-dependent effect of UVA was driven by the activation of estrogen-metabolizing enzyme CYP1B1 and formation of reactive estrogen metabolites and estrogen-DNA adducts in female but not male mice. Supplementation of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS), diminished the morphological and molecular changes induced by UVA in vivo. This study investigates the molecular mechanisms of environmental factors in FECD pathogenesis and demonstrates a strong link between UVA-induced estrogen metabolism and increased susceptibility of females for FECD development.
What made the Romans laugh? Was ancient Rome a carnival, filled with practical jokes and hearty chuckles? Or was it a carefully regulated culture in which the uncontrollable excess of laughter was a ...force to fear—a world of wit, irony, and knowing smiles? How did Romans make sense of laughter? What role did it play in the world of the law courts, the imperial palace, or the spectacles of the arena? Laughter in Ancient Rome explores one of the most intriguing, but also trickiest, of historical subjects. Drawing on a wide range of Roman writing—from essays on rhetoric to a surviving Roman joke book—Mary Beard tracks down the giggles, smirks, and guffaws of the ancient Romans themselves. From ancient “monkey business” to the role of a chuckle in a culture of tyranny, she explores Roman humor from the hilarious, to the momentous, to the surprising. But she also reflects on even bigger historical questions. What kind of history of laughter can we possibly tell? Can we ever really “get” the Romans’ jokes?
Two experiments (N = 449; 246 men, 198 women) examined how political identity moderates appreciation of disparagement humor that violates different moral foundations described in moral foundations ...theory. In Experiment 1, liberals evaluated memes violating the individualizing moral foundations as more offensive and less funny than conservatives, whereas conservatives rated memes violating the binding moral foundations as more offensive and less funny than liberals. Moreover, conservatives judged the memes across all experimental conditions more favorably than liberals because they more strongly endorse cavalier humor beliefs. Experiment 2 examined the mediating role of perceived personal moral violations. Specifically, liberals evaluate humor violating the individualizing foundations as more offensive than conservatives because they see it as a greater personal moral violation. Similarly, conservatives judged humor violating the binding foundations as more offensive compared to liberals because they see it as a greater personal moral violation.
To systematically review research into the use of humour‐based health promotion strategies for addressing public health issues during the past 10 years.
The systematic review was conducted in ...accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.
Thirteen studies were included in the review. Mental health, breast and testicular cancer self‐examination, safe sex, skin cancer and binge drinking public health issues were targeted. Humour‐based strategies were used to influence health attitudes and behaviours, encourage interpersonal sharing to indirectly affect health behaviour, and investigate the level of threat and humour associated with positive outcomes. Findings provided some evidence to support the use of humour‐based strategies as determined by the right combination of audience characteristics, level of humour and amusement evoked, and message persuasion and behaviour change methods underpinning strategies.
Methodologies varied limiting comparability, although overall results indicate that humour‐based health promotion strategies may be a useful tool for increasing awareness and help‐seeking behaviour for public health priorities, particularly those associated with stigma.
Humour interventions vary widely because there can never be a standardised approach to evoking humour. Further research examining humour and public health promotion is needed.
We present the results of HAHA at IberLEF 2021: Humor Analysis based on Human Annotation. This year's edition of the competition includes the two classic tasks of humor detection and rating, plus two ...novel tasks of humor logic mechanism and target classification. We describe the corpus created for the challenge, the competition phases, the submitted systems and the main results obtained.
After 2.5 millennia of philosophical deliberation and psychological experimentation, most scholars have concluded that humor arises from incongruity. We highlight 2 limitations of incongruity ...theories of humor. First, incongruity is not consistently defined. The literature describes incongruity in at least 4 ways: surprise, juxtaposition, atypicality, and a violation. Second, regardless of definition, incongruity alone does not adequately differentiate humorous from nonhumorous experiences. We suggest revising incongruity theory by proposing that humor arises from a benign violation: something that threatens a person's well-being, identity, or normative belief structure but that simultaneously seems okay. Six studies, which use entertainment, consumer products, and social interaction as stimuli, reveal that the benign violation hypothesis better differentiates humorous from nonhumorous experiences than common conceptualizations of incongruity. A benign violation conceptualization of humor improves accuracy by reducing the likelihood that joyous, amazing, and tragic situations are inaccurately predicted to be humorous.
Las paredes del lugar están decoradas con fotografías de algunos de los proyectos de Arenys Solidari, asociación no lucrativa nacida en 1994 con el objetivo de «promover la cooperación y difundir la ...realidad social, política y cultural de los países empobrecidos». Los reunidos en la larga mesa de El Turó recuerdan a Paco como una especie de mago capaz de conseguir lo que se proponía con creatividad y humor, paciencia y bondad. La capital del país había estado creciendo de una forma desordenada y la población seguía muy marcada por la guerra civil. Ir, ver y después volver. Así comenzaron a ir cada año junto a las diversas brigadas a desarrollar los proyectos que se hubiesen preparado con anterioridad, a invertir el dinero recaudado en los eventos culturales organizados previamente, como la obra Jeu-vah, del grupo Salta a la Fama, de Canet de Mar; o la exposición titulada Imágenes de Guatemala, con fotografías tomadas por Paco Robles expuestas en la Sala Lloveres y a la que asistieron los alumnos de todas las escuelas de El Maresme. La aldea estaba ubicada en la Boca Costa de Sololá, con un volcán de por medio, y tomaba más de una hora de camino llegar allí desde la capital del departamento. Así nació, con una dotación de nueve mil volúmenes, la Biblioteca Popular Arenys Solidari de Samayac, en el departamento de Suchitepéquez, ubicada a ciento cincuenta y ocho kilómetros de la capital del país, la cual llegó a ser una de las tres bibliotecas con más libros de Guatemala. Por ejemplo: qué significaba tener o no una pelota, vivir en un país con temblores de tierra o guardar los implementos de la escuela sin tener mochila.
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