O presente artigo pretende assinalar dois modos de Nietzsche se apropriar da obra de Dostoiévski com o propósito de fortalecer seu projeto genealógico. Nesse sentido, Dostoiévski fornece um excelente ...material psicológico e fisiológico, que possibilitará a Nietzsche distinguir os diversos modos de concretização do ressentimento, além da idiotia como elemento central na caracterização do tipo do Redentor, tal como se encontra presente na obra O anticristo.
Certains spécialistes de l’autisme font de l’idiotisme l’origine historique du trouble. En résonance avec cette hypothèse, l’augmentation de la prévalence du trouble du spectre autistique est ...expliquée par différentes hypothèses, impliquant ou non une continuité historique. L’objectif de cet article est d’explorer la validité de ces hypothèses, en nous appuyant sur une comparaison historique des descriptions cliniques de l’idiotisme et de l’autisme.
Afin d’établir cette correspondance sémiologique, nous relèverons les descriptions cliniques de l’époque de l’idiotisme et les comparerons à celles de l’autisme du DSM-5. Puis, nous regarderons les autres maladies pouvant être responsables d’un retard mental et associées potentiellement à l’idiotisme.
La correspondance est frappante, notamment en ce qui concerne la communication, l’absence de contact visuel, les caractéristiques psychomotrices, l’attachement aux routines, les réactions extrêmes à la sensorialité et les compétences hors-normes.
Cette correspondance pourrait bien être le fruit d’un biais d’interprétation. Aujourd’hui, certaines maladies responsables du retard mental ont disparu ou leur origine biologique a été identifiée. Il apparaît que la population atteinte d’idiotisme au 19ème siècle ne correspond pas à la population observée actuellement dans l’autisme.
Il se pourrait que cette correspondance soit en partie vraie, mais elle semble biaisée par l’omission de certaines maladies sorties depuis du champ psychiatrique, du fait de la découverte de leur étiologie biologique.
Some autism specialists locate idiocy as the historical origin of the disorder, implying that it would be a phenomenon present throughout the ages, but only correctly diagnosed today. In resonance with this hypothesis, the increase in the prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder is explained by different theories. It could be linked either to an improvement in the diagnostic approach and better identification of the disorder, or to a bio-psycho-social context favoring its appearance, or to an extension of the diagnostic criteria and a modification of the classifications. The purpose of this article is to explore the validity of these different hypotheses, drawing on a historical comparison of clinical descriptions of idiocy and autism.
In order to establish this semiological correspondence, we will identify the clinical descriptions from the era of idiocy written by Edouard Séguin, “l’instituteur des idiots” (the schoolmaster of idiots), and will compare them with those of the autism in the DSM-5. Then, we will look at the historical process of other diseases that may be responsible for mental retardation and potentially associated with idiocy.
The overlap between idiocy and autism is striking, especially with lack of communication skills, lack of eye contact, psychomotor characteristics, attachment to routines, extreme sensory reactions, and non-standard skills.
This correspondence could demonstrate the continuity of the diagnostic entity over time between idiocy and autism, but could just as well be the result of a bias in interpretation. Some diseases responsible for mental retardation observed by the alienists of Séguin's time have been identified as having a biological and genetic origin. For some of them, treatments have been found and have led to their disappearance. It appears that the population identified with idiocy in the 19th century does not correspond to the population currently diagnosed with autism.
This correspondence may be partly valid, but it seems mainly biased by the omission of some diseases that have been forgotten or removed from the psychiatric field, by the fact that their biological etiology has been identified.
Il Monologo del principe Myškin (Ein Monolog des Fürsten Myschkin zu der Ballettpantomime Der Idiot) composto da Ingeborg Bachmann per il balletto-pantomima L’Idiota, si presenta come ri-composizione ...lirica del romanzo dostoevskijano. Musicata dal compositore Hans Werner Henze con coreografie di Tatjana Gsovsky, l’opera fu pubblicata nella seconda edizione della raccolta Il tempo dilazionato (Die gestundete Zeit, 1953) e rappresentata per la prima volta solo nel gennaio del 1960. Il monologo affida al principe Myškin le diverse voci di quella complessa ‘partitura’ che è L’Idiota: i suoi protagonisti diventano i personaggi della pantomima; le vicende narrate si trasfigurano in passi di danza; mentre il principe Myškin assume l’unica voce lirica che emerge dal silenzio. L’analisi comparata delle due opere mette in luce un molteplice passaggio di codice, in cui il tessuto dialogico, o meglio poli-logico, della narrazione dostoevskjana si riconfigura in parola poetica: il principe Myškin avanza sulla scena, attraversa il silenzio fino a un’afasica incoscienza che si sublima nel connubio di musica e danza.
L’auteur de cet article se propose d’examiner la genèse et l’évolution de la catégorie d’idiotisme chez Philippe Pinel.
Cette étude s’appuie sur une analyse textuelle et comparative des écrits de ...Pinel, corpus situé entre le Tableau Général des fous de Bicêtre au nombre d’environ 200 de 1794 et la dernière édition de la Nosographie philosophique ou la méthode de l’analyse appliquée à la médecine parue en 1818.
Cette analyse nous a permis de retracer l’évolution du statut nosographique de l’idiotisme, de recenser ses caractéristiques cliniques et de constater le pessimisme thérapeutique de Pinel à son égard. Dans leur grande majorité, les cas d’idiotisme contreviennent à sa thèse novatrice selon laquelle il subsiste chez tout aliéné un reste de raison. De fait, avec nombre d’idiots, le dialogue n’est guère possible. Aussi, très peu s’avèrent curables. Dans son rapport sur l’enfant Sauvage de l’Aveyron (1800–1801) et son article sur la « Manie » (1808), Pinel rapporte plusieurs observations d’enfants idiots. Pour le fondateur de la psychiatrie, un enfant peut être aliéné, ce que certains de ses contemporains et successeurs contrediront.
La très forte dépréciation de Pinel à l’égard de l’idiotisme doit être discutée, car en réalité elle varie en fonction de sa forme clinique, selon qu’elle soit complète ou incomplète, mais aussi en fonction de sa cause, qu’elle soit physique ou morale, d’origine ou accidentelle.
Le statut d’exception que l’idiotisme possède chez Pinel a sans doute fortement contribué à ce qu’aucune étude centrée sur cette catégorie ne soit parue à ce jour. S’il représente une résurgence de la conception classique de la folie, notre étude montre qu’il ne doit pas être réduit à ce reliquat des époques anciennes.
The author of this article sets out to examine the origins and evolution of the category of idiotism in Philippe Pinel's work.
This study is based on textual and comparative analysis of Pinel's writings, from the Tableau Général des fous de Bicêtre au nombre d’environ 200 (General table of around 200 cases of insanity treated at Bicêtre), published in 1794, to the last edition of his Nosographie philosophique ou la méthode de l’analyse appliquée à la médecine (Philosophical nosography), published in 1818.
This analysis has made it possible to retrace the development of the nosographic status of idiotism, to identify its clinical characteristics and highlight Pinel's pessimism with regard to the potential for treatment. The vast majority of cases of idiotism did not support his innovative theory according to which insane subjects retain a small degree of reasoning ability. In fact with many idiots barely any dialogue proved to be possible. Furthermore, very few of them could be cured. In his report on the Wild Child of the Aveyron (1800–1801) and his article on “Mania” (1808), Pinel relates a number of observations of “idiot” children. The founder of psychiatry therefore held that a child could become insane; but this was to be disputed by some of his contemporaries and successors.
Pinel's very negative assessment of idiotism must be qualified; in actual fact his assessment varied depending on its clinical form, whether it was complete or partial, and depending on its cause – physical or moral, inborn or accidental.
The fact that Pinel considered idiotism as a case apart has no doubt largely contributed to the fact that no study focusing on this category has been published to date. Although his view corresponds to a resurgence of the traditional concept of madness, our study shows that it is more than merely a restatement of this vestige of ancient times.
Le trouble appelé autisme depuis le xxe siècle a d’abord été décrit sous le nom d’idiotisme au xixe siècle, puis de psychose(s) infantile(s). Sa reconnaissance a été différée par le manque de ...recherches en pédopsychiatrie, les hypothèses éloignées de la réalité neurobiologique et les débats passionnels qui ont suivi. Cette crispation peut être dépassée avec les progrès de l’approche médicale qui autorisent une évolution de la nosographie selon deux voies désormais associées, la définition par les pathologies originelles, et l’approche dimensionnelle de leur phénotype de trouble envahissant du développement.
Kanner (1943) and Asperger (1944) have given the name of autism to the mental disorder formerly called idiotism and later psychoses or sometimes childhood schizophrenia. These authors bring to the disorder a better definition and establish its very early beginning during infancy. Kanner considers it belongs to the field of the psychoses and discusses its relation to schizophrenia. His report introduces two strong and controversal subjects: firstly about the intelligence of autistic people and secondly the typology of their families. Asperger gives more importance to the mental development and does not mention pejorative familial caracteristics. He also noticed the good or exceptional capacities of some cases by citing the observations of four of them. This is the reason his name is associated today with the less severe forms of the syndrome. During the 19th century, psychiatrists had begun to develop an interest in the classification of infantile psychoses and Seguin — formerly a teacher of children with special needs — gave an illustration of it with his study of the Idiots (annex). But, few authors described the mental diseases of the child as distinct from those of the adult. For example, Kraepelin and Bleuler who mention some cases beginning during childhood, do not treat infantile mental troubles as such and it will be a long time before early psychoses become the subjects of specific research. During the years between 1940 and 1960, there was a revival of interest in autism due to the commonality of symptoms linking it to the most severe cases of affective deprivation in studies of the mother-child relationship. A comparison which leads some influential authors to confuse autism with the effects of this severe deficiency, going as far as to attribute it to disturbed mothering, at a subconcious level, as there is no clear maternal inadequacy. The medical approach is completely different. Developmental disorders cannot be explained as the consequence of unfavourable life experiences and more and more facts support a neurobiological etiology. Autism is considered as a group of various disorders having a common phenotype of Pervasive Developmental Desorder (PDD). DSM and more recently CIM are in phase with this new approach. They enlarge the field of the PDD, as the result of which there is a change in the reported prevalence. These approaches are not very welcome in France as our country has developed a “Classification française” for child and adolescent mental disorders where the concept of psychosis is kept including bordeline states. Its purpose is to support different ways of psychopathological organisation and many French psychiatrists reserve the diagnostic of autism to a limited number of clinical cases. New versions in 2002 and 2010 tend to be better aligned with the international classifications but do not resolve the lack of agreeement according to the understanding of the etiologies and disorders due to a position where the nosographic debate is subordinated to more confusing psychopathologic considerations. For the future, a “double-diagnostic” for each case may be used (its etiology, its phenotype PDD) together with an increased attention to the dimensional approach of each individual profile, which has become possible as a result of advances in clinical methods.
La littérature chinoise contemporaine, presque inconnue il y a une trentaine d’années en France, commence aujourd’hui à occuper une place que l’on ne peut plus ignorer. Notre étude, qui présentera ...d’abord un panorama de la traduction et de la réception de cette littérature en France (1981-2012), s’efforcera ensuite d’explorer en détail des aspects techniques de la traduction : étudier les stratégies mises en place, mettre en valeur les efforts tentés par les traducteurs et analyser des difficultés et problèmes de traduction existants. Une telle recherche descriptive et analytique portera sur six objets de traduction, qui constituent toutes des défis traductologiques : “graphie et dessin des caractères chinois’’, “jeux de mots’’, “proverbes’’, “xiehouyu’’, “onomatopées’’ et “discours direct sub-libre’’, ceci dans le cadre de trente-quatre traductions de sept écrivains contemporains : Mo Yan 莫言, Su Tong 苏童, Yu Hua 余华, Bi Feiyu 毕飞宇, Chi Li 池莉, A Cheng 阿城 et Jia Pingwa 贾平凹. L’exploration des stratégies s’effectuera dans une approche dialectique qui va bien au-delà des dichotomies théoriques opposant radicalement l’auteur et le lecteur. En étudiant convergences, diversités et complexités de pratiques, nous tenterons d’apporter un éclairage sur des facteurs qui influencent ou régissent l’agir du traducteur, et ceci de façon ciblée selon chacun des six objets étudiés. Loin de vouloir dresser une liste des inadéquations, pertes ou erreurs de traduction, ou encore donner des injonctions, nous espérons attirer l’attention sur les réelles contraintes ou difficultés que les traducteurs du chinois rencontrent durant leur travail, et susciter des occasions de réflexion.
Chinese contemporary literature, while almost unknown thirty or more years ago in France, begins to occupy a place we can non longer ignore. In the present work, after presenting a panorama of the translation and the reception of this literature in France (1981-2012), we will try to explore in detail some technical aspects of its translation : strategies used by the translators and the efforts they make when facing translation problems. Being a descriptive and analytical research, it will deal with six translation objects : “spelling and image of Chinese characters’’, “wordplay’’, “proverbs’’, “xiehouyu’’, “onomatopoeia’’ and “sub free direct discourse’’, taking into account thirty four translations of seven Chinese contemporary writers : Mo Yan 莫言, Su Tong 苏童, Yu Hua 余华, Bi Feiyu 毕飞宇, Chi Li 池莉, A Cheng 阿城 and Jia Pingwa 贾平凹. The analysis of different strategies will be done in an dialectic approach which aims to overcome theoretical dichotomies opposing radically the author and the reader. While studying convergences, diversities and complexities of methods, we will try to shed light on factors that influence or govern the choices of the translator, in a targeted manner, according to each of the six studied objects. Far from establishing a list of unsuitable choices, losses and translation mistakes or issuing instructions, we wish to draw attention to the real constraints or difficulties that translators of the Chinese language come across during their work, and offer opportunity for thought.
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