Biocatalysts (enzymes and whole cells) catalyze reactions with the advantage of superior chemo-, regio-, and stereo-specificity in mild conditions, thereby avoiding the production of larger amounts ...of waste. The currently great practical importance of immobilized biocatalysts is expressed by the high number of scientific publications together with an ever increasing number of different applications in this area of enzyme technology. This mainly relies on new research results with respect to immobilization techniques and the development of advanced carrier materials designed for this purpose.
The employment of immobilized biocatalysts is one of the most effective and powerful tools used in the modern chemical industry as a prerequisite for an economical and environmentally friendly production process. The book presented here reflects the currently great practical importance of immobilized biocatalysts by means of a variety of actual examples. They comprise the immobilization of enzymes from different enzyme classes and a variety of whole cells with particular importance for the production of compounds for application in the chemical, pharmaceutical and food industry (in part from renewable resources), biohydrogen production, the fabrication of biosensors, and the treatment of waste water. Several articles introduce new research results with respect to immobilization techniques and the development of carrier materials designed for this purpose.
In addition, review articles provide among others an overview of the industrial application of immobilized biocatalysts in various areas including the energy sector, or discuss the many advantages of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as platforms for enzyme immobilization. They deal with the pros and cons of many inorganic, organic, hybrid and composite materials, including nano-supports, used for the immobilization of biocatalysts, and with the development of engineered strains applied to the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to platform chemicals by consolidated bioprocessing.
In summary, the articles meet the state of the art of both scientific and technical standards and the book is indispensable for all those involved in the various aspects of this topic.
Immobilization of proteins on a solid support is critical with respect to the fabrication and performance of biosensors and biochips. Protein attachment with a preferable orientation can effectively ...avoid its denaturation and keeps its active sites fully exposed to solution, thus maximally preserving the bioaffinity or bioactivity. This review (with 140 refs.) summarises the recent advances in oriented immobilization of proteins with a particular focus on antibodies and enzymes. Following an introduction that describes reasons for oriented immobilization on (nano)surfaces, we summarize (a) methods for (bio)chemical affinity-mediated oriented immobilization (with sections on immunoglobulin G (IgG)-binding protein as the capture ligand, DNA-directed immobilization, aptamer- and peptide-mediated immobilization, affinity ligand and fusion tag-mediated immobilization, material-binding peptide-assisted immobilization); (b) methods for covalent oriented immobilization (with sections on immobilization via cysteine residues or cysteine tags, via carbohydrate moieties; via enzyme fusion or enzymatic catalysis, and via nucleotide binding sites of antibodies); (c) methods based on molecular imprinting techniques; (d) methods for characterization of oriented immobilized proteins; and then make conclusions and give perspectives.
Graphical Abstract
This review summarises recent advances in oriented immobilization of proteins based on strategies via bio−/chemical affinity, covalent bonding, and molecular imprinting techniques. Advantages and disadvantages of each approach are discussed.
Display omitted
•The immobilization process improves the enzyme stability, reusability, and efficiency.•The immobilization methods and immobilized carriers for laccases are summarized.•The pollutant ...removal mechanisms by immobilized laccases and influencing factors are reviewed.•The relationship among adsorption, enzymatic and pollutant removal are analyzed.•The application of immobilized laccases for water treatment in recent years is showed.
Laccase is a promising biocatalyst for micro-pollutants removal and water purification. However, laccase can only play its significant catalytic role after effective immobilization. The immobilization process improves the laccase stability, in terms of thermal, pH, storage and operation. Furthermore, the reusability of immobilized laccase makes it more advantageous in the practical applications of water purification, in comparison with free laccase. The laccase immobilization is a promising water purification technology. In this review, the immobilization methods and immobilized carriers are summarized. Then, the pollutant removal mechanism by immobilized laccases, and its influencing factors are reviewed. Afterwards, the relationship among carrier adsorption, enzymatic degradation and pollutant removal efficiency are analyzed. Finally, the application of immobilized laccase for water purification in recent years is demonstrated. This review is expected to provide a valuable guideline for enzymatic water purification.
•Overview of nanomaterial immobilized enzyme.•Binding force for enzyme immobilization.•Performance of nanomaterial immobilized enzyme.•Application of immobilized enzyme.•Outlook of nanomaterial in ...enzyme immobilization.
Enzymes have been widely used because of their catalytic properties, and immobilization is a promising technique to improve their catalytic activity and stability. Due to their large specific surface areas, exceptional chemical, mechanical, thermal and cost effective characteristics, nanomaterials should be ideal carriers for the immobilization of enzymes. Enzymes immobilized on nano-carriers are more robust and stable, and can be recycled and reused. This review focuses on the nanomaterial immobilized enzymes and their applications. The introduction addresses the advantages of immobilized enzymes and the features of enzyme immobilization nanocarriers. The next section covers carbonaceous nanomaterials used in enzymes immobilization, with subsections on carbon nanotube, graphene, graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide. The third section treats metallic nanomaterials for enzymes immobilization, with subsections on metal (gold), metal oxide (titanium dioxide, zinc oxide) and metal hydroxide (layered double hydroxide) nanomaterials. Then, the next section summarizes the applications of nanomaterial immobilized enzymes. A concluding section discusses the challenges and prospects of nanomaterial immobilized enzymes.
Compared with free enzymes, immobilized enzymes are more robust and resistant to environmental changes. In addition, with enhanced stability, immobilized enzymes can be separated from the reaction ...mixture and used for repeated cycles. These advantages prompt their applications in various fields. This review outlines the existing methods and easy separated support materials for enzymes immobilization. After a brief introduction on the immobilized enzyme, the immobilization methods of adsorption, entrapment, covalent attachment and cross-linking are discussed. The emphasis is given on the easy separated support materials of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), membranes and capillary columns. An outlook on the immobilized enzyme is given at last.
Display omitted
•Detailed methods for enzymes immobilization are discussed.•MNPs, membranes and capillary columns are presented to solve the separation problems of immobilized enzymes.•Applications of easy separated support matrices in enzymes immobilization are summarized.•Future perspectives of immobilized enzymes are presented.
PDF
