The demography of conflict and violence Brunborg, Helge; Midlarsky, Manus I; Besançon, Marie L ...
Journal of peace research,
07/2005, Letnik:
42, Številka:
4
Journal Article
The return of the guilds Prak, Maarten; Lucassen, Jan; Moor, Tine de ...
International review of social history,
01/2008, Letnik:
53, Številka:
Supp.16
Journal Article
The purpose of the present study is to gain a better understanding of the role of culture in demographic behaviour. The case study uses demographic data to illustrate cultural factors intervening in ...the social organisation of an Austrian village in the period 1700-1900. Two sets of potential intervening variables that might explain the effects of culture on demographic behaviour were investigated: population policies through normative regulations and institutional changes due to shifts in government. The paper employs statistical techniques in a structural change setting for evaluating the impact of policies and institutional changes on the demographic development. There is clear evidence that normative interventions concerning the fraction of illegitimate births and the marriage pattern were effective.
The present article seeks to address outstanding areas of disagreement in this debate, as well as increasingly apparent differences of theoretical approach. The nature and origin of the social ...relationship of capital is discussed, and a provocative assertion is advanced suggesting that the commodification of land and its conversion to capital under the conditions of agrarian capitalism formed a prerequisite to the commodification of labour. In addressing the role played by pre-industrial manufacturing in the transition to capitalism it is argued that where customary law was widely extinguished through enclosures under the common law, custom in manufacturing slowed the process by which it was subsumed by capital.
ABSTRACT IN FRENCH: Les sociétés d'Ancien Régime ont été traditionnellement réprésentées comme des sociétés immobiles, caractérisées par un rigide compartimentage en ordres, corps, corporations; les ...comportements des individus y étaient dominés par le poids de rôles et des hiérarchies sociales et productives. Cette image repose sur le double postulat d'une mobilité sociale contenue et d'une mobilité professionnelle quasiment inexistante: on donne pour assuré le fait que les métiers se seraient mécaniquement transmis de père en fils. Le but de cet article est de mettre à l'épreuve ce postulat à partir d'une étude de cas: la ville de Turin entre la fin du XVIIIe et le début du XIXe siècle. À travers l'analyse croisée des sources, nous avons essayé d'appliquer au cas turinois les méthodes quantitatives de mesure de la mobilité professionnelle adoptées par les sciences sociales. Par rapport à celles-ci, toutefois, nous avons changé d'unité de mesure. Au lieu de comparer les professions à l'intérieur du couple père-fils, nous avons choisi de focaliser l'attention sur le noyau domestique. Cette perspective permet de mettre au jour au moins trois aspects du problème qui, jusqu'à présent, ont été largement négligés. En repérant l'éventail des choix professionnels pour tous les membres de chaque famille, nous avons individualisé des stratégies d'entrée des fils sur le marché du travail. En croisant les données concernant les professions et l'origine géographique des époux, il devient possible de proposer un modèle multi-factoriel d'explication de la mobilité. En prenant en considération la profession des femmes, enfin, on introduit une variable décisive, et jusqu'ici négligée, des processus de mobilité intergénérationnelle. Le stéréotype d'une société fermée et monolithique se révèle ainsi dépourvu de fondement. L'Ancien Régime nous apparaît plutôt comme und société mobile et ouverte, dans laquelle les individus semblent jouir d'une grande liberté d'accès au marché du travail, et les mécanismes de mobilité ascendante paraissent largement dépendants de la position professionnelle des femmes. // ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: The Old Regime is usually represented as an immobile society, one characterised by rigid compartments and dominated by the weight of ascription on individual lives. This image rests upon the double axiom of poor social mobility and of the absence of occupational mobility: the mechanical father-son transmission of professions is taken for granted. This article aims to test the validity of this thesis by taking eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Turin as a case-study. It tries to use the quantitative methods of the social sciences to measure occupational mobility, but changes the unit of analysis. Rather than compare occupation in the father-son dyad, as the social sciences do, the household is here brought to the centre of attention. This perspective helps to cast light upon at least three neglected aspects of the problem. By analysing the range of occupational choices within the family, we can grasp the existence of a variety of strategies enacted by sons as they address the labour market. Cross-referencing occupational positions against the geographic origin of married couples suggests a multifactor explanatory model of mobility. Consideration of women's work draws our attention to a crucial yet commonly neglected variable in processes of mobility. As a result, the stereotype of a closed, straitjacketed society is belied. On the contrary, the Old Regime becomes visible as a mobile, open society, where individuals seem to enjoy considerable freedom in accessing the labour market and paths of upward mobility seem basically dependent on women's work. Reprinted by permission of Éditions de l'École des hautes études en sciences sociales
The Smallholder's Dilemma Stoll, Steven
Technology and Culture,
10/2006, Letnik:
47, Številka:
4
Book Review, Journal Article
Recenzirano
Nearly absent from the current popular interest in food is a sense of the political and ecological implications of corporate control over agriculture and the countryside. In Raising Less Corn, More ...Hell: The Case for the Independent Farm and Against Industrial Food, George Pyle expresses anger for the way that corporate agriculture and the United States government have shaped production by producing food of low quality while pushing out small-scale farmers. The logic of small-scale farming is the subject of a series of books that might be called the agrarian school of political ecology—the study of land and its control as a political process, with social as well as environmental implications. The books considered in this article consider swidden agriculture, farming for use value rather than exchange value, and the history of small-hold farmers in Europe and east Asia. All of these books speak to the independence of farmers as indistinguishable from the way they farm.
PDF
