This landmark volume brings together leading scholars in the field to investigate recent conceptual shifts, research findings and policy debates on the informal economy. Researchers, practitioners ...and policy makers will find this book an invaluable guide to the significance of the informal economy.
Connects global migration with urban marginalization,
exploring how "race" maps onto place across the globe, state, and
street
In this richly observed account of migrant shopkeepers in five
cities in ...the United Kingdom, Suzanne Hall examines the brutal
contradictions of sovereignty and capitalism in the formation of
street livelihoods in the urban margins. Hall locates The
Migrant's Paradox on streets in the far-flung parts of
de-industrialized peripheries, where jobs are hard to come by and
the impacts of historic state underinvestment are deeply felt.
Drawing on hundreds of in-person interviews on streets in
Birmingham, Bristol, Leicester, London, and Manchester, Hall brings
together histories of colonization with current forms of
coloniality. Her six-year project spans the combined impacts of the
2008 financial crisis, austerity governance, punitive immigration
laws and the Brexit Referendum, and processes of state-sanctioned
regeneration. She incorporates the spaces of shops, conference
halls, and planning offices to capture how official border talk
overlaps with everyday formations of work and belonging on the
street.
Original and ambitious, Hall's work complicates understandings
of migrants, demonstrating how migrant journeys and claims to space
illuminate the relations between global displacement and urban
emplacement. In articulating "a citizenship of the edge" as an
adaptive and audacious mode of belonging, she shows how sovereignty
and inequality are maintained and refuted.
The Shadow Economy Schneider, Friedrich; Enste, Dominik H.
02/2003
eBook
Illicit work, social security fraud, economic crime and other shadow economy activities are fast becoming an international problem. Friedrich Schneider and Dominik H. Enste use currency demand, ...physical input (electricity) method, and the model approach to estimate the size of the shadow economy in 76 developing, transition and OECD-countries. They argue that during the 1990s the average size of a shadow economy varied from 12 per cent of GDP for OECD, to 23 per cent for transition and to 39% for developing countries. They examine the causes and consequences of this development using an integrated approach explaining deviant behaviour, which combines the findings of economic, sociological and psychological research. The authors suggest that increasing taxation, social security contributions, rising state regulatory activities and the decline of the tax morale, are all driving forces behind this growth, especially in OECD-countries. They propose a reform of state institutions to improve the dynamics of the official economy.
The promotion of social protection in Sub-Saharan Africa happens in a context where informal labour markets constitute the norm, and where most workers live uncertain livelihoods with very limited ...access to official social protection. The dominant social protection agenda and the associated literature come with an almost exclusive focus on donor and state programmes even if their coverage is limited to small parts of the populations - and in no way stands measure to the needs. In these circumstances, people depend on other means of protection and cushioning against risks and vulnerabilities including different forms of collective self-organizing providing alternative forms of social protection. These informal, bottom-up forms of social protection are at a nascent stage of social protection discussions, and little is known about the extent or models of these informal mechanisms.
This book seeks to fill this gap by focusing on three important sectors of informal work, namely transport, construction, and micro-trade in Kenya and Tanzania. It explores how the global social protection agenda interacts with informal contexts and how it fits with the actual realities of the informal workers. Consequently, the authors examine and compare the social protection models conceptualized and implemented 'from above' by the public authorities in Tanzania and Kenya with social protection mechanisms 'from below' by the informal workers own collective associations.
The book will be of interest to academics in International Development Studies, Political Economy, and African Studies, as well as development practitioners and policy communities.
This article reviews administrative issues in the context of decentralized social protection in China. In particular, what are the main obstacles to expanding social insurance coverage for workers in ...the informal economy? Over the last two decades, China has achieved remarkable progress toward universal social protection when this target was set as a national policy priority. However, the social insurance enrolment of informal economy workers still lags significantly behind. This article reviews the application of the International Labour Organization’s definition of informality in the Chinese context and overviews existing pension and health insurances in China. This article discusses the impact of China’s inter‐governmental fiscal relations and decentralized social protection in the multilevel government system. The article highlights that under a system of decentralized managed social insurance many informal economy workers choose to opt out of the system because of low benefits and high compliance costs. This result in deficits in social insurance coverage amongst informal economy workers.
Cet article examine des problématiques administratives dans le contexte du système de protection sociale décentralisé dont est dotée la Chine. Les auteurs cherchent en particulier à identifier les principaux obstacles à l’extension de la couverture des travailleurs de l’économie informelle. Ces deux dernières décennies, la Chine a accompli des avancées remarquables sur la voie de l’instauration d’une protection sociale universelle, cet objectif ayant été érigé au rang de priorité nationale. Toutefois, l’affiliation à l’assurance sociale des travailleurs de l’économie informelle accuse encore un retard important. Les auteurs s’intéressent à l’application au contexte chinois de la définition du travail informel selon l’Organisation internationale du Travail et présentent un panorama des régimes d’assurance vieillesse et santé existant en Chine. Ils analysent l’impact des relations budgétaires entre niveaux de gouvernement et de la décentralisation de la protection sociale dans le contexte d’un système de gouvernement à plusieurs niveaux. Ils soulignent que dans un système d’assurance sociale géré de façon décentralisée, beaucoup de travailleurs de l’économie informelle choisissent de ne pas s’affilier parce que les prestations sont faibles et le coût de la conformité élevé. Il en résulte des lacunes de la couverture des travailleurs de l’économie informelle par l’assurance sociale.
En este artículo se examinan varias cuestiones administrativas en el marco de la protección social descentralizada en China, en concreto, cuáles son los principales obstáculos para extender la cobertura del seguro social a los trabajadores de la economía informal. En los dos últimos decenios, China ha logrado avances notables hacia la protección social universal desde que estableció este objetivo como prioridad en sus políticas nacionales. Sin embargo, la afiliación de los trabajadores de la economía informal al seguro social sigue siendo muy baja. En este artículo se examina la aplicación de la definición del concepto de informalidad de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo en el contexto chino y se ofrece una visión general de los seguros de pensiones y de salud existentes en el país asiático. Asimismo, se analizan los efectos de las relaciones fiscales intergubernamentales y de la protección social descentralizada de China en el sistema gubernamental de múltiples niveles. En el artículo se pone de relieve que, en un sistema de seguro social administrado de manera descentralizada, muchos trabajadores del sector informal deciden abandonar dicho sistema debido a las bajas prestaciones que reciben a cambio de los altos costos que supone el cumplimiento de las obligaciones, lo que da lugar a una cobertura desigual del seguro social para los trabajadores de la economía informal.
Dieser Artikel beleuchtet einige administrative Aspekte des dezentralisierten Sozialschutzes in China. Insbesondere geht es um die Frage, welches die Haupthindernisse für eine Ausweitung der Sozialversicherungsdeckung auf Beschäftigte des informellen Sektors sind. In den vergangenen zwei Jahrzehnten hat China bemerkenswerte Fortschritte auf dem Weg zu einem universellen Sozialschutz erzielt, da dieser zu einer Priorität der nationalen Politik erklärt wurde. Die Aufnahme informell Beschäftigter in eine Sozialversicherungsdeckung hinkt dem Erreichen dieses Ziels allerdings noch deutlich hinterher. In diesem Artikel wird die Anwendung der Definition von Informalität der Internationalen Arbeitsorganisation auf den chinesischen Kontext geprüft, und es wird ein Überblick über die bestehenden Renten‐ und Krankenversicherungen in China gegeben. Anschließend werden die Auswirkungen der Haushaltsbeziehungen der Volksrepublik zwischen den einzelnen Regierungen und der dezentralisierte Sozialschutz im mehrschichtigen chinesischen Regierungssystem diskutiert. Der Artikel weist darauf hin, dass es in einem System dezentral verwalteter Sozialversicherungen viele informell Beschäftigte gibt, die aufgrund der niedrigen Leistungen und der hohen Erfüllungskosten aus dem System austreten. Dies führt zu einer lückenhaften Sozialversicherungsdeckung bei Beschäftigten des informellen Sektors.
В статье рассматриваются административные вопросы, возникающие в связи с децентрализацией системы социальной защиты в Китае. В частности, какие основные препятствия стоят на пути расширения охвата социальным страхованием работников неформальной экономики? За два десятилетия с тех пор, как всеобщий охват социальной защиты стал приоритетом национальной политики, Китай достиг значительного прогресса на этом пути. Однако участие работников неформальной экономики в программах социального страхования по‐прежнему значительно отстаёт от поставленной цели. В статье применительно к ситуации в Китае используется определение термина «неформальность» Международной организации труда и содержится краткий обзор действующих в стране систем пенсионного и медицинского страхования. Авторы оценивают влияние внутрибюджетных отношений и децентрализованной социальной защиты на многоуровневую систему государственного управления Китая. Они подчёркивают, что работники неформальных секторов экономики отказываются от участия в децентрализованной системе социального страхования по причине малого размера пособий и высоких затрат на соблюдение требований. Это приводит к недостаточному охвату работников неформальной экономики социальным страхованием.
本文回顾了中国分散式社会保护背景下的行政管理问题, 特别着眼于扩大非正规经济工人社会保险覆盖面的主要障碍。过去二十年间, 中国将全民社会保护确定为国家政策优先事项, 在该领域取得了长足的进展。然而, 非正规经济工人的社会保险参保率仍大幅落后。本文回顾了国际劳工组织非正规定义在中国的适用性, 概述了中国当前养老保险和医疗保险的情况。文章探讨了中国政府间财政关系以及社会保护分散在不同层级政府部门的影响。文章强调, 在分散式管理的社会保险体系中, 许多非正规部门的工人因待遇低、合规成本高等原因选择不参加社会保险, 导致非正规经济工人的社会保险覆盖不足。
يستعرض هذا المقال مسائل إدارية في سياق الحماية الاجتماعية اللامركزية في الصين. وتحديداً، ما هي أهم العقبات التي تحول دون توسيع نطاق التغطية بالتأمين الاجتماعي ليشمل العاملين في الاقتصاد غير الرسمي؟ وخلال العقدين الماضيين، حققت الصين تقدماً ملحوظاً نحو تحقيق الحماية الاجتماعية الشاملة عندما جُعل من هذا الهدف أولوية سياساتية وطنية. ومع ذلك، لا يزال اشتراك العاملين في الاقتصاد غير الرسمي في خطط التأمين الاجتماعي متأخراً بشكل كبير. ويستعرض هذا المقال تطبيق مفهوم منظمة العمل الدولية للقطاع غير الرسمي في السياق الصيني ويعطي لمحة عامة عن التأمينات الصحية وتأمينات المعاشات التقاعدية الحالية في الصين. ويناقش هذا المقال أثر العلاقات الضريبية الحكومية الدولية للصين والحماية الاجتماعية اللامركزية في نظام الحكومة متعدد المستويات. ويُبرز هذا المقال أن العديد من العاملين في القطاع غير الرسمي يختارون عدم المشاركة في نظام التأمين الاجتماعي المُدار بطريقة لامركزية بسبب المنافع المتدنية وتكاليف الامتثال المرتفعة. ويُسفر ذلك عن عجز في التغطية بالتأمين الاجتماعي في أوساط العاملين في القطاع غير الرسمي.
Este artigo analisa questões administrativas no contexto da proteção social descentralizada na China. Em particular, quais são os principais obstáculos da expansão da cobertura do seguro social para trabalhadores da economia informal? Nas últimas duas décadas, a China atingiu um progresso notável em direção à proteção social universal quando esta meta foi definida como uma prioridade da política nacional. No entanto, a inscrição no seguro social de trabalhadores da economia informal ainda está bem defasada. Este artigo analisa a aplicação da definição de informalidade da Organização Internacional do Trabalho no contexto chinês e apresenta uma visão geral dos seguros de aposentadoria e saúde existentes na China. O artigo também discute o impacto das relações fiscais intergovernamentais da China e da proteção social descentralizada no sistema multinível do governo. O artigo destaca que, em um sistema de seguro social de gestão descentralizada, muitos trabalhadores do setor informal optam por sair do sistema devido aos baixos benefícios e altos custos de adesão, o que resulta em déficits na cobertura do seguro social entre os trabalhadores da economia informal.
Informality remains widespread in South Asia despite decades of economic growth. The low earnings and high vulnerability in the informal sector make this a major development issue for the region. ...Yet, there is no consensus on its causes and consequences, with the debate polarized between a view that informality is a problem of regulatory evasion and should be eradicated, and another which equates informality with economic exclusion. These views are at odds with the heterogeneity observed among informal firms. Recent advances in analyzing informality as the outcome of firm dynamics in distorted economic environments can help reconcile them. Building on these advances, the approach adopted in this volume clarifies that there are different types of informality, with different drivers and consequences. Using this approach, the papers in this volume revisit old questions about the relationship of informality to regulation and taxation, and also pose new ones, such as how digital technologies and multi-faceted policy designs can improve prospects in the informal sector. They have four main messages. First, informality in South Asia is dominated by firms that happen to be outside the purview of regulations because they are small, as opposed to those that remain small to escape regulations. Second, reforms of business regulations tend to have small direct effects on the informal sector, though they could have sizable indirect impacts on it if they succeed in removing major inefficiencies in the broader economy. Third, e-commerce platforms (and similar technologies) offer new opportunities to informal firms and workers, but many of them lack complementary skills or credit to benefit from such technologies. Fourth, a combination of contributory and non-contributory programs recognizing the heterogenous saving capacities of informal workers may be necessary to achieve more universal coverage of social insurance. A multi-pronged strategy is needed to tackle the developmental challenges presented by informality.
Résumé L'économie informelle fournit l'essentiel de l'emploi dans nombre de pays émergents. Selon la théorie de la régulation, l'activité économique est régie par un ensemble complexe de règles ...formelles et informelles. Les auteurs examinent, à partir du cas du Mozambique, les éléments qui favorisent ou entravent la transition vers l'économie formelle, ainsi que les diverses formes de régulation, en s'appuyant sur une enquěte qualitative conjuguant observation directe et entretiens avec des personnalités locales. Les données recueillies font apparaître un rôle ambivalent de l'Etat, qui se montre parfois volontariste et soucieux de réformer la réglementation et les institutions et parfois partisan du statu quo.
Ovaj rad propituje pojavu enformela u hrvatskoj umjetnosti kroz rakurse rodnih teorija i problematizira razloge zbog kojih je prisutnost umjetnica vrlo mala ili gotovo zanemariva unutar enformelne ...apstrakcije. Umjetnost visokog modernizma je općenito u svijetu i u Hrvatskoj pretežito viđena kao „muška” ili maskulina umjetnost. Vrlo mali broj žena se na našim prostorima bavio apstraktnom umjetnošću u vrijeme pojave enformela, a još manji broj priklanjao radikalnijim materičkim istraživanjima i destrukciji forme, stoga postoji i relativno oskudan korpus radova hrvatskih likovnih umjetnica unutar enformelne poetike. Istraživanje nastoji (re)valorizirati doprinos likovnih umjetnica hrvatskom enformelu krajem 50-ih i početkom 60-ih godina 20. stoljeća. Pored djela Biserke Baretić, koja je jedna od rijetkih poznatih i priznatih hrvatskih slikarica enformelne orijentacije, među nekolicinom autorica ističe se Mila Kumbatović sa svojim strukturalnim slikama, a u radu se obrađuju i dva gotovo nepoznata enformelna djela vinkovačke likarice Đurđene Zaluški Haramije iz 1961. godine, kao i eksperimentalni radovi kiparice Vere Fischer nastali u razdoblju od 1958. do 1960. godine.
Résumé
L'étude de la rotation de la main‐d'œuvre est particulièrement importante pour l'Amérique latine où les cycles économiques sont accentués et où la protection sociale est limitée. Les auteurs ...estiment l'intensité de cette rotation dans six pays d'Amérique latine au cours des années 2000, décomposent les différences observées et examinent les trajectoires des travailleurs. Les taux de rotation de la main‐d'œuvre apparaissent très différents, ce qui s'explique surtout par le degré d'emploi informel et temporaire. Dans tous les cas, une grande partie des sorties de l'emploi se font vers le chômage ou le travail précaire.
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