This paper offers a detailed review of recently described single- and multi-region input–output models used to assess environmental impacts of internationally traded goods and services. It is the ...second part of a two-part contribution. In Part 1 Turner, K., Lenzen, M., Wiedmann, T. and Barrett, J. in press. Examining the Global Environmental Impact of Regional Consumption Activities — Part 1: A Technical Note on Combining Input–Output and Ecological Footprint Analysis; Ecological Economics. we describe how to enumerate the resource and pollution content of inter-regional and inter-national trade flows with the aim to illustrate an ideal accounting and modelling framework for the estimation of Ecological Footprints.
A large number of such environment-economic models have been described but only in the last few years models have emerged that use a more sophisticated multi-region, multi-sector input–output framework. This has been made possible through improvements in data availability and quality as well as computability. We identify six major models that employ multi-sector, multi-region input–output analysis in order to calculate environmental impacts embodied in international trade. Results from the reviewed studies demonstrate that it is important to explicitly consider the production recipe, land and energy use as well as emissions in a multi-region, multi-sector and multi-directional trade model with global coverage and detailed sector disaggregation. Only then reliable figures for indicators of impacts embodied in trade, such as the Ecological Footprint, can be derived.
This article provides guidance to prudent use of the World Input–Output Database (WIOD) in analyses of international trade. The WIOD contains annual time‐series of world input–output tables and ...factor requirements covering the period from 1995 to 2011. Underlying concepts, construction methods and data sources are introduced, pointing out particular strengths and weaknesses. We illustrate its usefulness by analyzing the geographical and factorial distribution of value added in global automotive production and show increasing fragmentation, both within and across regions. Possible improvements and extensions to the data are discussed.
The use of Multi-Regional Input-Output Analysis (MRIOA) for understanding global environmental problems is growing rapidly. Renewed interest in MRIOA has led to several large research projects ...focused on constructing detailed and accurate MRIOTs. However, very few researchers have made use of the already available and regularly updated database produced by the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP). We demonstrate and discuss how the GTAP database can be converted into an MRIOT without the need for additional balancing. An illustrative example uses the GTAP-MRIO to reallocate carbon dioxide emissions from producing to consuming countries. We suggest that an MRIOT that treats international transport exogenously is adequate until more reliable data on international transport margins and emissions are available. To focus resources and refine methods, a concerted research effort is needed to compare the results of the GTAP-MRIO model with the new MRIO datasets under development.
This study is a contribution to the ongoing debate on the performance of various non‐survey techniques for constructing sub‐territorial input‐output tables. Three aspects of the behaviour of the ...methods are analysed: performances in reproducing ‘true’ input coefficients, variability of error, and direction of bias. The analysis uses real data and in particular the world input‐output table. The most important aspect that emerges from the analysis is that even though simple location quotient (SLQ) has been identified as one of the most robust methods, its performance drops when confronted with Input Output Tables characterized by a high percentage of technical coefficients close to zero. Also the cross industry location quotient (CILQ), the semi logarithmic location quotient (RLQ), the symmetric cross industry location quotient (SCILQ) methods behave in a similar way. On the contrary, the performance of the methods the Flegg location quotient (FLQ) for δ = 0.2 and the Augmented Flegg location quotient (AFLQ) for 0.2 ≤ δ ≤ 0.3 are not affected by this situation.
Resumen
Este estudio es una contribución al debate en curso sobre el desempeño de varias técnicas no basadas en encuestas para construir tablas input‐output sub‐territoriales. Se analizan tres aspectos del comportamiento de los métodos: los desempeños en la reproducción de coeficientes input ‘verdaderos’, la variabilidad del error y la dirección del sesgo. El análisis utiliza datos reales y, en particular, la tabla mundial de input‐output. El aspecto más importante que surge del análisis es que aunque el cociente de localización simple (SLQ, por sus siglas en inglés) se ha identificado como uno de los métodos más robustos, su desempeño disminuye cuando es comparado con las tablas input‐output, caracterizadas por un alto porcentaje de coeficientes técnicos cercanos a cero. El cociente de localización entre sectores (CILQ), el cociente de localización semilogarítmico (RLQ) y los métodos de cociente de localización simétrico entre sectores (SCILQ) se comportan también de manera similar (todas las siglas procedentes del inglés). Por el contrario, el desempeño de los métodos del cociente de localización de Flegg (FLQ) para δ = 0,2 y el cociente de localización de Flegg aumentado (AFLQ) para 0,2 ≤ δ ≤ 0,3 no se ve afectado por esta situación (todas las siglas procedentes del inglés).
抄録
本稿は、地域以下のレベルの産業連関表を作成するための様々なノンサーベイ法のパフォーマンスに関する現在の議論に資するものである。ノンサーベイ法の性質の3つの側面、すなわち正しい投入係数を算出する精度、エラーの変動、バイアスの方向を分析する。分析では実際のデータ、具体的には世界の産業連関表を使用する。分析から最も重要な側面として現れたのは、SLQ(simple location quotient)法は、最も頑健な方法であることが確認されているが、特徴としてゼロに近い係数の割合が高い産業連関表に対しては精度が大きく低下するということである。CILQ(cross industry location quotient)法、RLQ(semi logarithmic location quotient)法、SCILQ(symmetric cross industry location quotient)法も同じ性質をもつ。一方、δ = 0.2のFLQ(Flegg location quotient)法と0.2 ≤ δ ≤ 0.3のAFLQ(Augmented Flegg location quotient)法はこの状態の影響を受けない。
Consumption-based material footprints calculated with multi-regional input–output (mrIO) analysis are influenced by the sectoral, spatial and material aggregations used in the mrIO tables, and lack ...of disaggregation can be a source of uncertainty. This study investigated the effect of the resolution of mrIO databases on consumption-based material footprints. The effect of aggregation was investigated by constructing input–output tables with different spatial, product and material category resolutions and comparing the calculated material footprints. Our results indicate that the material footprints of countries calculated using the different spatial and product aggregations are in general in the order of a few percent, with outliers in the order of 25% difference. The use of IO models with a low product category resolution (e.g. 60 product categories) to calculate the embodied material use of individual products will likely result in inaccurate estimations of the total embodied material for some product categories. Aggregating the original 46 material categories into 16 categories changes the calculated material footprint of countries by about 30%. This result strongly suggests that the material data used to create the extensions for the IO framework should be collected at the highest resolution that is practically feasible.
•Effect of aggregation on material footprint versus carbon footprint•Material footprints of countries and products.•Aggregation at different stage of the creation of multi-regional input-output table.
In order to understand wider sustainability impacts of consumption and to successfully promote and implement sustainable consumption and production policies, there is a need to capture the whole ...life-cycle impact of products and services across international supply chains. Multi-region input–output (MRIO) databases are a well described and suitable foundation for global sustainability analyses addressing a wide range of policy and research questions. In this paper we reflect on the reasons for the recent boom in MRIO compilation, summarise the current state of development and discuss future options for MRIO analysis. We list in detail the requirements for efficient and effective MRIO research and propose systemic and institutional changes. We deliberately try to go beyond existing ambitions for MRIO compilation and thus intend to stimulate discussion and to lay out the options for the future of MRIO research.
► We reflect on the reasons for the recent boom in MRIO compilation. ► We summarise the current state of development in MRIO analysis. ► We list in detail the requirements for efficient and effective MRIO research. ► We discuss future options for MRIO research and intend to stimulate discussion.
This article describes the construction of the World Input-Output Tables (WIOTs) that constitute the core of the World Input-Output Database. WIOTs are available for the period 1995-2009 and give the ...values of transactions among 35 industries in 40 countries plus the 'Rest of the World' and from these industries to households, governments and users of capital goods in the same set of countries. The article describes how information from the National Accounts, Supply and Use Tables and International Trade Statistics have been harmonized, reconciled and used for estimation procedures to arrive at a consistent time series of WIOTs.
Summary
This article describes the algorithm that has been developed within the European Union (EU) FP7 project DESIRE for the construction of the EXIOBASE multiregional hybrid supply and use tables ...(MR‐HSUTs) version 3. The tables include 43 countries plus five rest‐of‐the‐world regions and are built for the period 2000–2011. MR‐HSUTs are compiled in mixed units, that is, tangible goods in mass units, intangible energy flows in terajoules, and, finally, services in euros. The article summarizes the various steps of the developed procedure, from data collection until the final supply and use tables. It will be shown how several disconnected data sets with varying quality are harmonized so as to build an effective analytical database that can be used for several types of analyses, such as life cycle assessment, total material requirement, material intensity per product service, carbon footprint, and so on.
The interest in consumption-based emission and resource accounting has grown significantly. Many studies juxtapose consumer emissions (carbon footprint) and producer (territorial) emissions of ...greenhouse gases in order to demonstrate the effects of trade on the national emission budget. To this end, a respectable number of studies have been undertaken worldwide in order to estimate emissions embedded in international trade of numerous countries and world regions. Input–output approaches, and increasingly multi-region input–output (MRIO) models, are commonly chosen as they provide an appropriate methodological framework for complete carbon footprint estimates at the national and supra-national level. With increasing processing capabilities of computers and a wider availability of economic accounts, environmental accounts and trade data such models are now being implemented on a wide scale.
After a brief overview of salient single-region input–output studies I provide an in-depth review of the most recent multi-region input–output models used for the purpose of consumption-based environmental accounting. The main methodological features and important results are described for around twenty studies covering the years 2007 to 2009. This is followed by a detailed review of studies dealing with uncertainty in MRIO analysis, an area which has not received a lot of attention so far. I conclude that further research is mainly needed in two areas, a) improvements in data availability and quality and b) improvements in the accuracy of MRIO modelling.
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