SAFETY PYRAMID ANALYSIS IN ENERGY SYSTEMS Lesnykh, Valery; Lukyanchikov, Michail; Timofeeva, Tatiana
Proceedings on engineering sciences (Online),
6/2023, Letnik:
5, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
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Energy systems are key elements of critically important infrastructures, as they provide the required quality of life for the population, as well as create the necessary conditions for the reliable ...functioning of various branches of the economy. One of the priorities is to ensure the safe functioning of such systems, and in recent years, considerable attention has been paid to proactive safety methods. Within the framework of these methods, the main efforts are aimed at early identification of violations and deviations in the operation or maintenance of the facility. The building and use of the safety pyramid is one of the areas of implementation of a proactive approach. The paper presents the analysis of statistical data on incidents and detected violations at Russian energy facilities. The analysis made it possible to build the corresponding safety pyramids, as well as to identify that the ratio between the levels of the pyramid significantly depends on the specific type of facility. The possibility of using the safety pyramid to assess expected prevented damage in case of elimination of detected violations is also shown. Examples of assessing the value of prevented damage for energy facilities are given.
The automated conveyor system, as the core component in the modern manufacturing world, has gained lots of attention from researchers. To optimize the operation of the conveyor system, ...range-inspection control (RIC) has been considered an efficient strategy to bring this conventional technology to an intelligent level. Various algorithms have been put into use to achieve optimal control. However, the current methodologies are only focusing on control optimization, not scaled into the smart manufacturing framework. The schema of alignment and corporation between the physical and virtual spaces for the system remains an important problem. Therefore, the work in this article aims for an effective framework of implementation between the physical and virtual stations in an automated conveyor system. Since increasingly more application scenarios rely on the digital twin (DT) technology to realize the integration of physical and virtual systems, we proposed the DT automated conveyor system (DT-ACS) that constructs the road map to implement the RIC-based conveyor system under the background of a smart factory. Besides, profit-sharing-based deep Q-networks (PDQNs) have been proposed to cope with the RIC optimization problem. The robustness and efficiency of the proposed PDQN were evaluated via sets of experiments. The discussion and conclusion are presented at last accordingly. Note to Practitioners -This article aims to propose a strategy of control optimization for conveyor-based manufacturing systems under the digital twin (DT) framework. The conveyor system can be flexible to control the running flows to avoid overloading workstations. Due to the complex environment in the production line, the range that is able to be inspected and the capacity of the reserve area can be considerably diverse among the workstations. To maximally evaluate our framework, we set a comparatively complex environment for the experiments. Nevertheless, to obtain practically ideal performance under other circumstances, the parameters should be precisely tested and fine-tuned with simulation in advance.
One of the approaches to define the “effective atomic number” concept is applied to the main implementations of the dual energy method. The approach is based on the preliminary radiography of special ...test objects formed from fragments of simple chemical substances and differing in mass thickness and atomic number. The algorithm is easily adapted for inspection systems and X-ray computed tomography using the dual energy method to recognize the materials of test objects or its structural fragments. An example of calculation of the effective mass thickness and the effective atomic number for two-layer objects from carbon and aluminum is given.
•Dual energy method is realized on base the two-layer specially formed test objects.•Method estimate the mass thickness and effective atomic number simultaneously.•Effective atomic number and mass thickness of minerals and explosives are estimated.•Formation with two-layer equivalents of hazardous and rare materials is proposed.
'Concealed purchase' is a new form of inspection control, introduced into our legal system in December 2018, by the Law on Amendments to the Law on Inspection Control. It is, actually, a specific ...method of proving during the inspection control process, used in the case of reasonable doubt regarding unregistered activity by the controlled subject. It can be also used when the controlled subject does not issue a receipt. In both cases, this method can only be used if necessary evidence can not be otherwise provided or if it would be significantly more difficult. This method is specific because of the fact that inspectors collect the relevant evidence and facts by direct observing. It is called 'concealed purchase' because official identity card and the inspection control warrant are shown to the controlled subject, by the inspectors, only after the 'purchase' is done.
Lucrarea reprezintă o cercetare științifică privind reconceptualizarea funcției de control a Inspecției Judiciare – instituție subordonată CSM al RM. Propunerea de reformare menționată este ...argumentată prin două direcții de bază: prima se referă la propunerea de a majora componența numerică a Inspecției Judiciare; a doua reflectă oportunitatea de a institui o categorie specifică de personal – numiți inspectori de investigație, care să exercite activitate de investigație confidențială. Raționamentul instituirii acestei forme de monitorizare a modului de organizare și de funcționare a instanțelor de judecată sau a conduitei profesionale a judecătorilor este justificat de necesitatea de a menține și a consolida încrederea în sistemul judiciar. Consolidarea independenței Justiției este o precondiție a statului de drept; independența sistemului Justiției trebuie garantată prin standarde naționale la cel mai înalt nivel posibil. Luând în considerare aspectele expuse, Inspecția Judiciară a Republicii Moldova este cea mai recomandată instituție să exercite activitate de investigație privitor la conduita și disciplina judiciară sau privitor la organizarea și funcționarea Justiției. Justificarea unei atare propuneri rezidă în locul și rolul absolut specific al Inspecției Judiciare în sistemul autorităților publice naționale. Fiind subordonată CSM, Inspecția Judiciară este parte inerentă a Autorității Judecătorești și va promova și garanta independența Justiției (atât ca instituție, sistem, cât și cu referire la judecători, individual) până la cel mai înalt nivel posibil, precum statuează standardele internaționale. În acest mod, Autoritatea Judecătorească ar demonstra eficiența funcțiilor de autoadministrare și de autocontrol, relevând caracterul său consolidat.RECONSIDERING THE CONTROL FUNCTION OF THE JUDICIAL INSPECTIONThe paper presents a scientific research about the reconceptualization of the control function of the Judicial Inspection – an institution subordinated to the Superior Council of Magistracy of theRepublicofMoldova. The mentioned proposal for reform is argued through two main directions: the first one refers to the proposal to increase the numerical component of the Judicial Inspection; the second one reflects the opportunity of setting up a specific category of staff – named investigative inspectors, who would exercise confidential investigation activities. The reason of establishing this kind of activity for monitoring organizational and functional aspects in courts or the professional conduct of judges lies in the necessity to maintain and strengthen confidence in the Judicial System. Strengthening Judicial independence is a pre-condition for the Rule of Law; the independence of the Judiciary should be guaranteed by domestic standards at the highest possible level. Taking in consideration the mentioned issues, the Judicial Inspection of theRepublicofMoldovais the most recommended institution to carry out investigative work with reference to judicial conduct and discipline or with reference to organization and functioning of the Judiciary. The justification of such a proposal resides in the absolutely specific position and role of the Judicial Inspection in the system of national public authorities. Being subordinated to the Superior Council of Magistracy, the Judicial Inspection is an inherent part of the Judicial Authority and will provide and guarantee the independence of Justice (both as institution or system and individual judges) to the highest possible level, as settled in international standards. In such a manner, the Judicial Authority would demonstrate the efficiency of self-administration and self-control functions, revealing its consolidated character.
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•A MIRS method for simultaneous determination of 3 API in veterinary tablets.•siPLS improved the model by empirically selecting the discriminant spectral regions.•Model development ...without prior access to excipient composition of the formulations.•Analyses of 3 real (commercial) samples in a situation of multi-product calibration.•The proposed MIRS method is more than ten times faster than the HPLC one.
This paper describes the development and validation of a new multivariate calibration method based on diffuse reflectance mid infrared spectroscopy for direct and simultaneous determination of three veterinary pharmaceutical drugs, pyrantel pamoate, praziquantel and febantel, in commercial tablets. The best synergy interval partial least squares (siPLS) model was obtained by selecting three spectral regions, 3715–3150, 2865–2583, and 2298–1733cm−1, preprocessed by first derivative and Savitzky–Golay smoothing followed by mean centering. This model was built with five latent variables and provided root mean square errors of prediction (RMSEP) equal or lower than 0.69mg per 100mg of powder for the three analytes. The method was validated according the appropriate regulations through the estimate of figures of merit, such as trueness, precision, linearity, analytical sensitivity, bias and residual prediction deviation (RPD). Then, it was applied to three different veterinary pharmaceutical formulations found in the Brazilian market, in a situation of multi-product calibration, since the excipient composition of these commercial products, which was not known a priori, was modeled by an experimental design that scanned the likely content range of the possible constituents. The results were verified with high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC–DAD) and high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS) and were in agreement with the predicted values at 95% confidence level. The developed method presented the advantages of being simple, rapid, solvent free, and about ten times faster than the HPLC ones.
A mathematical model of the output signals of an X-ray sandwich detector is presented. Based on this model, two mathematical models of the radiation transparency of the test object for a sandwich ...radiation detector have been developed. These models are the basis for a theoretical assessment of the accuracy of recognizing materials using the corresponding implementation scheme of the dual-energy method. The fundamental difference between the developed models is that one of them does and the other does not take into account statistical dependence between the output signals of the sandwich detector. Recommendations on the preference for using each of these models are given.
The specific features of recognizing materials of test objects and their structural fragments by the multi-energy method are considered. An approach to the combined usage of the methods of level ...lines and multiple energies with the aim to improve the accuracy of estimating the effective atomic number is demonstrated. An algorithm is described for the formation and processing of information in the multi-energy method, which allows one to highly accurately measure the effective atomic number and mass thickness of fragments in the test object. The simulation technique has demonstrated the effectiveness of using the material-identification method being analyzed.
An approach to choosing the materials and thicknesses of detectors and an intermediate filter is considered in a material recognition method based on single X-raying of a test object with separate ...detection of soft and hard photons. The approach combines the maximum sensitivity to changes in the effective atomic number and the minimum error of its estimation. An example is given of selecting the parameters of the detectors and intermediate filter for X-ray energies in the range from 100 to 300 keV.
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