To take stock of the 1980 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction in its 43rd year and to highlight several of the key issues discussed on the agenda of the Eighth ...Special Commission (10–17 October 2023), this Special Issue considers the convention’s implementation and operation within and across the current 103 Contracting Parties. It addresses current global debates on important issues in the context of international child abduction, like habitual residence, the child’s best interests, international refugee law, domestic violence, and the use of the ‘grave risk’/’intolerable situation’ exception to return as outlined in Article 13(1)(b) of the 1980 Hague Convention. Additionally, it explores the consideration of the child's perspective and the utilization of the child objection exception to return as outlined in Article 13(2) of the same convention. The interaction of the 1980 Hague Convention with other international conventions (e.g., the UNCRC 1989) and regional frameworks (e.g., the Brussels II-ter Regulation and the ECHR) is also explored. A central feature of this Special Issue is its focus on the need for, and how best, the 1980 Hague Convention can be nurtured to help meet the current operational and global expansion challenges.
La protección frente a la sustracción internacional de menores se articula a través de distintas vías. Los convenios internacionales y, más recientemente, los textos europeos tienen por objeto la ...regulación de instrumentos a través de los cuales se articula la protección civil. A través de ella se pretende la restitución del menor o, en su caso, el reconocimiento y/o ejecución de una decisión adoptada en otro Estado relativa a la responsabilidad parental. Junto a esta vía, las legislaciones nacionales contemplan el delito de sustracción internacional de menores, a través de la cual se articula la vía penal de tutela frente a este tipo de ilícitos. La coexistencia de ambas vías, cuya utilización es opcional y cumulativa, no está exenta de dificultades particularmente en aras al funcionamiento del espacio judicial europeo. Un espacio regido por los principios de igualdad y prohibición de discriminación, en el que la libertad de circulación y de residencia se configura como libertad básica y donde el principio de reconocimiento mutuo se configura como piedra angular del sistema de cooperación tanto en el ámbito civil como en el penal. Una aproximación a las cuestiones que suscita la coexistencia de esta doble vía de tutela en el espacio judicial europeo constituye el objeto del presente estudio.
A deslocação ou retenção ilícitas de crianças é regulada internacionalmente pela Convenção de Haia de 1980 sobre os Aspetos Civis do Rapto Internacional de Crianças (Convenção de Haia). A Convenção ...de Haia de 1980 foi elaborada com o objetivo de proteger ou atenuar os efeitos da deslocação ou retenção ilícita através de fronteiras para as crianças, procurando garantir o regresso célere da criança ao país da sua residência habitual antes da deslocação, através de um sistema de cooperação entre autoridades centrais. A decisão da Audiência Provincial de Valencia, de 8 de maio de 2023, que comentamos, radica na existência, ou não, de uma situação de rapto internacional de crianças, ou de deslocação ou retenção ilícitas de crianças. Será este o conceito que iremos explorar.
International child abduction, typically undertaken by one of the child's parents, has become an increasing problem in recent years, particularly in the United States. Parents have encountered ...serious difficulties in repatriating an abducted child. The 1980 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, signed by the U.S. and many other countries, establishes an international procedure for pursuing claims of child abduction. The Office of Children's Issues of the Bureau of Consular Affairs of the U.S. Department of State is the Central Authority that administers the Convention and its implementing legislation for the United States. In the author's view (and his alone), the Office of Children's Issues has not been sufficiently vigorous in seeking sanctions against countries that do not comply with the Convention. Even after Congress passed legislation in 2014 specifically directing the State Department to apply increasingly severe sanctions against noncompliant countries (the Sean and David Goldman Act), the State Department has still essentially failed to do so. Brazil is one signatory to the Hague Convention that the State Department itself has determined to be consistently noncompliant with the Convention since 2013. Yet the State Department has failed to impose significant sanctions on Brazil, among other countries.
En la Unión Europea el elemento internacional está cada vez más presente en las relaciones familiares, planteando frecuentes problemas en los supuestos de traslado o retención ilícitos de menores ...entre Estados miembros de la Unión Europea, en los cuales la solución se articula a través del RBII ter y del CH 1980. Ambos instrumentos operan en torno al concepto de residencia habitual del menor, cuya definición no se contempla ni el RBII ter ni el CH 1980. Las vicisitudes señaladas no son ajenas a los asuntos que deben resolver tribunales españoles, como es el caso de la Audiencia Provincial de Salamanca, cuya Sentencia nº 844/2022, de 2 de noviembre, se analizará a lo largo del presente trabajo.
A decisão do Tribunal de Justiça da União Europeia (TJUE) A contra B, de 2 de agosto de 2021, põe em confronto o regime jurídico do direito de asilo e o rapto internacional de crianças e, nesta ...medida, justifica a nossa atenção e o comentário que agora apresentamos. A questão controvertida residia em determinar se a transferência de uma criança para outro Estado-Membro, devido a uma decisão administrativa tomada de acordo com o Regulamento n.º 604/2013, de 26 de junho de 2013, que estabelece os critérios e mecanismos de determinação do Estado-Membro responsável pela análise de um pedido de proteção internacional apresentado num dos Estados-Membros por um nacional de um país terceiro ou por um apátrida (Regulamento Dublin III) constituía uma deslocação ilícita de crianças, nos termos do Regulamento n.º 2201/2003, de 27 de Novembro de 2003, relativo à competência, ao reconhecimento e à execução de decisões em matéria matrimonial e em matéria de responsabilidade parental (Regulamento Bruxelas II bis) e da Convenção de Haia de 1980 sobre os Aspetos Civis do Rapto Internacional de Crianças (Convenção de Haia). Este caso põe em confronto o regime jurídico do rapto internacional de crianças e do direito de asilo. O que passaremos a analisar em seguida é em que termos é possível harmonizar a aplicação de ambos os regimes jurídicos, tendo em consideração o superior interesse da criança e, utilizando como exemplo ilustrativo, a referida decisão do TJUE.
La presente comunicación pretende contrastar las novedades más relevantes que introduce el Reglamento 2019/1111 en sus relaciones con el Convenio de la Haya 1980, con las normas españolas en la ...materia (especialmente, la Ley de Enjuiciamiento Civil). Se plantea, en primer lugar, la interacción normativa analizando los ámbitos material, espacial, personal y temporal. Seguidamente, se analiza la interacción en relación con el concepto de sustracción internacional de menores y sus principales componentes, como el concepto de traslado o retención ilícitos, el derecho de custodia y la residencia habitual. Finalmente, se evalúa la legislación española vigente a través de un contraste con las disposiciones del Capítulo III del Reglamento 2019/1111, dedicado a complementar el proceso de restitución de menores. A partir del análisis, puede concluirse que el nuevo Reglamento mejora el anterior marco normativo europeo, si bien ha de señalarse que el legislador español ya había regulado en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico una gran parte de esas mejoras.
This open access book examines the conflict of law rules in East Asian states. With a focus on the laws in Mainland China, Japan and South Korea, the book also looks at the rules of Hong Kong and ...Taiwan. Beyond a description of the substance of the current law, the book highlights the evolution these jurisdictions have undergone since being adopters of rules developed in European and North American legal systems. As evidenced by recent modernisations in their private law regimes, these East Asian states are now innovators, creating rules that are more suited to the local concerns. Significantly, the new approaches to private international law taken by China and Japan are themselves being adopted by other jurisdictions, shifting the locus of influence in this important area of law. The chapters in Part 1 give a contextual overview of the legal regimes of Mainland China, Japan, and South Korea. This part is intended to foster a deeper understanding of how the systems are changing to better fit the particular national approaches to law. A more in-depth view of the rules on private international law follows in Part 2, where the rules of Hong Kong and Taiwan are set forth in addition to those of the rest of China, Japan and South Korea. Part 3 provides a detailed look at the conflict rules relevant to commercial law, specifically as regards international jurisdiction of courts, while Part 4 examines the rules applying to family and succession law. Written in an easily accessible style, the book is a valuable resource for scholars as well as practitioners of East Asian law, private international law, and comparative law. The ebook editions of this book are available open access under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licence on bloomsburycollections.com.
This article seeks to grasp the legal category of international child abduction through the conceptual lens of trust, from the standpoint of judges. In a more ambitious way, we delve into the ...relationship between law and trust in the context of the transnationalisation of family law. Going beyond the legal principle of mutual trust, we propose a solid conceptualisation of the notion of trust drawn from sociological theory and we analyse the issues that arises for judges both at the institutional and interactional levels. At the institutional level, we show how trust operates as a procedural mechanism that allows cooperation in the absence of explicit moral consensus, whilst at the interactional level, we demonstrate that trust is imbued with ethical value and pushes judges to be more open to foreign laws and culture.
Adopted on October 24, 1980, the 'Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction' was designed to address the problem of international parental child abduction. More than 90 ...States are contracting parties to the 'Convention', making it one of the most important and successful family law instruments completed under the auspices of the 'Hague Convention' on private international law. The 'Convention' places a premium on prompt return in circumstances where a child was removed from one jurisdiction by a parent - the jurisdiction of "habitual residence" - in breach of the custody rights of the "left behind" parent. Once returned, custody can be determined by the relevant authorities in the jurisdiction of habitual residence. Habitual residence is central to the operation of the 'Convention', since the return mechanism in art. Twelve will only be triggered when a child is wrongfully removed from their State of habitual residence. The Supreme Court of Canada applies the "hybrid approach" to determining habitual residence, which treats the circumstances of the children and the intentions of the parties as factors to be considered in achieving a just result which fulfills the objectives of the 'Hague Convention'. Under the hybrid approach, the court has the task of determining the focal point of the child's life immediately prior to the removal or retention. The child's perspective is thereby put squarely at the centre of 'Convention' applications. Canada's approach represents an evolution from the formalism of early cases to a recognition that the best interests of children generally is not a substitute for the best interests of the particular children before the court.
