The paper seeks to construct analytical categories based on the study of innovation and production systems to systematize the analysis of the dynamics and processes of technological change in South ...America. To this end, based on the survey and analysis of a set of input and output indicators, together with the categorization and study of the structure of foreign trade, the article proposes a typology ordered according to the innovation capabilities of each economy, the type of product that guides its international insertion, and the degree of concentration and complexity in technological terms of the export basket.
The study focuses on the issue of neo-colonization of Africa, identifying the main actors and beneficiaries, as well as their impact on the African region. Two approaches used by foreign states in ...the process of influencing the African region are singled out: security-military and economic-investment. It was determined that there is a certain correlation between the use of military force and investment activity in the region. The influence of Russian, British, German, French and American private military companies on the countries of the African region is considered. Countries such as the USA and China have advantages in terms of investments and ensuring the security of the governments of African states have several military bases in the region. This is justified by two aspects: the weakness of the governments of African states and the wealth of the region in natural resources. On the other hand, France, due to its inability to pursue an aggressive policy in the African region, actively loses to the propaganda and activities of Russian mercenaries. Lobbying the interests of countries at the UN platform, as shown by the example of voting by countries friendly to Russia, is a rather valuable resource. Therefore, in general, the continent is turning into a battle ground between the West and the East, and it is proven that the West is gradually losing this battle for a new African colonization. Europe and the USA are weak in the struggle for Africa, hoping to win their support with democratic values and investments in the self-sufficiency of African countries. The security-military aspect of the development of Ukrainian-African relations is promising and can solve such issues as providing employment for ex-military personnel and ensuring the national interests of the state.
This note provides an update to the index of patent protection published in this journal in 1997. The original paper presented the index for 1960–1990 for 110 countries. The index has now been ...updated to 2005 and extended to 122 countries. The adoption of stronger patent laws and the composition of patent rights vary across countries by level of economic development.
The study aims to investigate the relationships between the volume of net migration and the economic development of individual European countries, which will make it possible to forecast the level of ...GDP and strengthen their migration policy. Correlation-regression analysis was used based on statistical data from Eurostat and the State Statistics Service of Ukraine for the period 2014−2021 for selected European countries (the EU-27 member states, Switzerland, and Ukraine). The correlation-regression analysis showed a relationship between the volume of net migration and the level of GDP. The linear correlation equations forecasted the value of the GDP level depending on the influence of a single factor – the volume of net migration. The attention is focused on the importance of migration, which ensures economic growth for Poland. It is attractive due to a simpler mechanism for moving immigrants than in other EU-27 countries, ease of language learning and easier adaptation, territorial proximity, and a higher standard of living compared to neighboring countries that were part of the Soviet Union. Thus, an increase in net migration to Poland by 1% will lead to an increase in gross domestic product by 1.43 million euros. Due to Russia’s war against Ukraine, net migration from Ukraine to Poland has increased significantly, potentially increasing Poland’s GDP in 2023 by 0.08% or 529.54 million euros.
Abstract
At present, the teaching of international economy and trade specialty in some domestic universities is still faced with some practical difficulties, such as unclear subject system ...orientation and difficulty in cultivating applied practical talents. Based on this, this paper first analyses the current situation and problems of the teaching of international economy and trade, then studies the relationship between computer education tech and the teaching reform of international economy and trade, and finally gives the strategies and paths of the teaching reform of international economy and trade under computer education.
The relevance of the study of economic and diplomatic communication between Ukraine and the USA is determined by the modern dynamic world political situation, full of conflicts and economic ...instability. The dialogue between the two countries acquires new realities that call into question the traditional norms and strategies of exchange. In the conditions of geopolitical upheavals, such as growing Russian aggression, the Ukrainian crisis and the changing situation in the world, the importance of economic and diplomatic cooperation acquires strategic importance. If Ukraine can effectively defend its position, protect its own interests and mobilize the support of the international community, this will directly affect its security, stability and future. Russia's full-scale military aggression against Ukraine led to the destruction and damage of civilian and critical infrastructure, which caused external and internal migration of the working population. Under such circumstances, the national economy faced an economic crisis. After a period of adaptation, world trade has built new logistics chains, but global food security remains in a precarious position. However, wars tend to end, so participation in international cooperation, including with the USA, is of great importance for the recovery of the national economy. The problem of post-war reconstruction of the country after the war is not a new practice in world history. The manner in which cooperation takes place, in particular in the context of reconstruction, is largely influenced by the peculiarities of individual states. Therefore, the use of specific economic instruments can have both positive and negative effects. The study of this issue will provide an opportunity to better understand how international cooperation affects economic recovery and will help the state to return to the international trade arena as soon as possible. Ukrainian-American cooperation always attracts the attention of both scientists and practitioners. First of all, due to its strategic nature, this cooperation requires greater responsibility and meaningfulness of the actions of both states. Also, an effective diplomatic and economic dialogue with the USA has a direct impact on the formation of Ukraine as an active member of the world community. The purpose of the work is to research the economic and diplomatic cooperation between Ukraine and the United States of America, and to identify on this basis the prospects for further cooperation in the process of post-war reconstruction of our state in the context of the Russian invasion. To achieve the goal of the scientific work, the following general scientific research methods are applied: logical, comparison, synthesis and analysis, generalization, classification, explanation, as well as statistical, tabular and graphic methods. The practical significance of the results obtained in the research process is that its conclusions and recommendations can be used for further scientific research on this topic and will help to analyze aspects that will directly affect the recovery of the Ukrainian economy in the process of developing Ukrainian-American cooperation in post-war conditions with the help of modeling the effectiveness of the formed decisions involving the resource potential of Ukraine.
Актуальність дослідження економічної та дипломатичної комунікації між Україною та США визначається сучасною динамічною світовою політичною ситуацією, сповненою конфліктів та економічної нестабільності. Діалог між двома країнами набуває нових реалій, які ставлять під сумнів традиційні норми та стратегії обміну. В умовах геополітичних потрясінь, таких як зростаюча російська агресія, українська криза та мінлива ситуація у світі, важливість економіко-дипломатичного співробітництва набуває стратегічного значення. Якщо Україна зможе ефективно відстоювати свою позицію, захищати власні інтереси та мобілізувати підтримку міжнародної спільноти, то це безпосередньо впливатиме на її безпеку, стабільність та майбутнє. Повномасштабна військова агресія росії проти України призвела до руйнування та пошкодження цивільної та критичної інфраструктури, що викликало зовнішню та внутрішню міграцію працездатного населення. За таких обставин національна економіка зіткнулася з економічною кризою. Пройшовши період адаптації світова торгівля вибудувала нові логістичні ланцюги, проте глобальна продовольча безпека залишається у нестійкому становищі. Однак війни мають тенденції до закінчення, тому участь в міжнародному співробітництві, в тому числі зі США, має велике значення для відновлення національної економіки. Проблема повоєнної відбудови країни після війни не є новою практикою у світовій історії. На те, яким чином відбувається співробітництво, зокрема в контексті відбудови, значною мірою впливають особливості окремих держав. Тому застосування конкретних економічних інструментів може мати як позитивний так і негативний ефект. Дослідження даного питання, дасть можливість краще зрозуміти, як міжнародне співробітництво впливає на економічне відновлення та допоможе державі якнайшвидше повернутися на міжнародну торгівельну арену. Українсько-американське співробітництво завжди привертає увагу як науковців, так і практиків. В першу чергу, у зв’язку зі стратегічним характером це співробітництво вимагає більшої відповідальності та змістовності дій обох держав. Також, ефективний дипломатичний та економічний діалог зі США має безпосередній вплив на становлення України як активного члена світової спільноти. Мета роботи полягає в досліджені економіко-дипломатичного співробітництва України та Сполучених Штатів Америки, та виокремлення на цій основі перспектив подальшої співпраці в процесі повоєнної відбудови нашої держави в контексті російського вторгнення. Для досягнення мети наукової роботи застосовано такі загальнонаукові методи дослідження: логічний, порівняння, синтезу та аналізу, узагальнення, класифікація, пояснення, а також статистичний, табличний та графічний методи. Практичне значення одержаних в процесі дослідження результатів полягає в тому, що його висновки та рекомендації можуть бути використані для подальших наукових досліджень даної тематики та допоможуть проаналізувати аспекти, які безпосередньо впливатимуть на відновлення економіки України в процесі розвитку українсько-американського співробітництва в повоєнних умовах за допомогою моделювання результативності сформованих рішень, що передбачають залучення ресурсного потенціалу України.
The priorities for Ukraine’s post-war reconstruction in preparation for its membership in the European Union are to ensure integration, efficient use of resources, socio-economic growth, and ...sustainable development. Finding ways to effectively develop the economic and other sectors, adapt to European norms and create a sustainable framework for integration into the European space was the purpose of this study. The methodology is based on the empirical research method. The reform priority coefficient was calculated using a formula for determining the priority areas for improving the economic, demographic, and political sectors of Ukraine. The study identified priority areas for Ukraine’s post-war development, including mechanisms such as ensuring sustainable economic growth, modernising infrastructure, developing trade relations with EU countries, supporting innovation and entrepreneurship, improving the quality of education and healthcare, which can be used by scientists and the state to ensure the country’s effective development and obtaining the status of a full EU member. The importance of ensuring social protection of the population, including raising living standards and ensuring access to basic social services, was identified. The study found that effective economic diplomacy and the expansion of international relations with EU member states are crucial factors for Ukraine’s successful preparation for EU membership. The focus is on ensuring strategic orientation, efficient use of resources and achieving the country’s socio-economic development in line with European standards and values. In practice, these results can become the basis for developing strategic decisions and programmes in line with EU criteria
One of the most important concepts and indicators in the Islamic Economic System is fairness. The present study intends to examine this important rule in the economics literature and Islamic texts in ...order to analyze its various dimensions and aspects. In the present study, the functions of fairness are described in four field in the legal system of economy, international trade, transactions and banking. The added value of the present research is that fairness is one of the policy instruments for evaluating and monitoring the Economic System performance. Finally, some teachings of this important rule are presented to improve domestic and international Economic Systems. Institutionalizing and realizing fairness in the Economic System leads to the justice of the information system, reduce the control cost, realize the fair system of information flow in order to secure the right, fairness in determining the production profit or the added value of commodity, resolve the problem of transparency and symmetry of information in financial markets, the social balance in economic issues, improve the accountability in Economic System.
The goal of the article is to explore the potential of explicatory Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) and its specifications for measuring the shadow economy (SE). This is done from the perspective ...of various approaches in selected countries. The article is a review and conceptual paper. The study is divided into three stages: a comprehensive description of the nature of the SE and the difficulties associated with measuring it; a comparative analysis of the approaches applied in selected EU countries (with particular emphasis on Italy and Poland), and finally, the concept of SE estimation based on SEM model is proposed. One of the most important limitations regarding the SE is that it is not possible to measure the extent of this phenomenon directly. This leads to the use of non‑standard estimation techniques based on latent variable models. The innovation of this approach is that it considers three factors that are not directly observable, i.e., tax morality, concealing salaries, and regulation of the economy. The proposed model allows us to capture and explain empirical SE phenomena more precisely and effectively than with classical statistical and econometric methods. However, we are aware that it is highly probable that many SEMs will need to be tested and modified to achieve the final result.
W artykule podjęto próbę zaprezentowania niewykorzystanego potencjału eksplikacyjnego modelu równań strukturalnych oraz jego specyfikacji w kontekście pomiaru szarej strefy. Szara strefa jako zjawisko interdyscyplinarne budzi wiele pytań i kontrowersji wśród badaczy oraz urzędów statystycznych w wielu krajach. W artykule zaprezentowano różne podejścia krajów w tym zakresie, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem Włoch i Polski. Jedną z najważniejszych trudności stanowi brak możliwości przeprowadzania bezpośredniego pomiaru wielkości tego zjawiska. Rozwiązaniem tego problemu w opinii autorów jest zastosowanie modeli ze zmiennymi nieobserwowalnymi. Złożoność szarej strefy wymaga uwzględnienia nie tylko prostych relacji między zmiennymi zależnymi i niezależnymi (a właściwie endogenicznymi i egzogenicznymi), równie istotne dla poprawności analizy jest zbadanie związków między samymi zmiennymi o charakterze zależnym lub niezależnym. Powyższe fakty skłaniają do zastosowania niestandardowych technik umożliwiających modelowanie złożonych relacji między zmiennymi oraz uwzględnienie, a następnie szacowanie zmiennych nieobserwowalnych. Artykuł ma charakter przeglądowo- ‑konceptualny i jest przyczynkiem w międzynarodowej dyskusji dotyczącej doskonalenia technik szacowania szarej strefy.
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