Although there had long been pressing demands to limit international migration, the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 marked an emblematic turning point in national border policies. The new ...century ushered in renewed efforts by national governments, and hence European policymakers, to re-instate stricter controls on trans-border mobility, even at the cost of violating international agreements and compromising commitments to the protection of human rights. The theme of borders has also been a domain of inquiry for academia and the scientific community. Various scientific disciplines have pooled resources and initiated dialogue with the larger society on issues such as boundaries, migrations, and human rights. This volume is the fruit of an initiative by the UNIMI Migration and Human Rights Research Centre and offers the thoughts and insights of a number of authors, contributing a range of disciplinary perspectives to bear on this critical issue of our times.
Migration is an integral part of human history. International migrations are one of the most important social phenomena in the modern world and in Poland. Their trends and reasons, shaping up in ...time, are the fundation for conducting research into this process. The scale of the departures also makes the problem increasingly significant for social researchers. The article presents the essence of contemporary migrations of Poles from the countryside and most of all, it shows readiness of young people to move abroad. It shows the scope of migration and the main features of contemporary Polish migration. It was developed based on the result of research, which was conducted among high school students who had been demonstrating readiness to migrate.
Meticulously researched and beautifully written,Fit to Be Citizens?demonstrates how both science and public health shaped the meaning of race in the early twentieth century. Through a careful ...examination of the experiences of Mexican, Japanese, and Chinese immigrants in Los Angeles, Natalia Molina illustrates the many ways local health officials used complexly constructed concerns about public health to demean, diminish, discipline, and ultimately define racial groups. She shows how the racialization of Mexican Americans was not simply a matter of legal exclusion or labor exploitation, but rather that scientific discourses and public health practices played a key role in assigning negative racial characteristics to the group. The book skillfully moves beyond the binary oppositions that usually structure works in ethnic studies by deploying comparative and relational approaches that reveal the racialization of Mexican Americans as intimately associated with the relative historical and social positions of Asian Americans, African Americans, and whites. Its rich archival grounding provides a valuable history of public health in Los Angeles, living conditions among Mexican immigrants, and the ways in which regional racial categories influence national laws and practices. Molina's compelling study advances our understanding of the complexity of racial politics, attesting that racism is not static and that different groups can occupy different places in the racial order at different times.
Resumen En la última década, Chile ha vivido un importante aumento de la migración internacional, lo que ha impactado de forma diferenciada en las distintas ciudades del país. En este marco, el ...objetivo del artículo es analizar la relación entre sostenibilidad urbana y condiciones de habitabilidad y usos del espacio urbano de la población migrante en una ciudad intermedia del sur de Chile (Temuco), buscando identificar los aspectos urbanos críticos que debieran abordarse para favorecer un desarrollo sostenible. Se identifican dos zonas urbanas de la ciudad y se comparan los datos de una encuesta sobre habitabilidad y espacio público dirigida a migrantes con algunos indicadores de sostenibilidad urbana recogidos en cuatro barrios correspondientes a ambas zonas. Los resultados muestran claras diferencias entre los sectores, tanto en las condiciones de vivienda y usos del espacio público de la población migrante, como en la ocupación del suelo y accesibilidad a áreas verdes en sus barrios, evidenciando la existencia de rasgos de insostenibilidad urbana que afectan la calidad de vida de los inmigrantes. Se concluye que es necesario recoger evidencia empírica acotada a barrios específicos para establecer correlaciones entre variables de sostenibilidad y migración que permitan desarrollar planificaciones urbanas pertinentes y sostenibles.
Resumo Na última década, o Chile experimentou um aumento significativo da migração internacional, o que tem impactado de diferentes maneiras nas diversas cidades do país. Neste contexto, o objetivo do artigo é analisar a relação entre sustentabilidade urbana e condições de habitabilidade e usos do espaço urbano da população migrante em uma cidade média no sul do Chile (Temuco), buscando identificar os aspectos urbanos críticos que devem ser abordados a fim de promover o desenvolvimento sustentável. Identificam-se duas zonas urbanas da cidade e comparam-se dados de uma pesquisa sobre habitabilidade e espaço público direcionada aos migrantes com alguns indicadores de sustentabilidade urbana coletados em quatro bairros correspondentes a ambas as áreas. Os resultados mostram claras diferenças entre os setores urbanos, tanto nas condições de habitação e uso do espaço público da população migrante, quanto na ocupação do solo e acessibilidade às áreas verdes de seus bairros, evidenciando a existência de características de insustentabilidade urbana que afetam a qualidade de vida dos imigrantes. Conclui-se que é necessário coletar evidências empíricas limitadas aos bairros específicos para estabelecer correlações entre variáveis de sustentabilidade e migração que possibilitem o desenvolvimento de um planejamento urbano pertinente e sustentável.
Abstract In the last decade, Chile has experienced a significant increase in international migration, that has impacted differently in individual cities of the country. Within this framework, the objective of the article is to analyze the relationship between urban sustainability and migrant population’s habitability conditions and their uses of urban space in an intermediate city in southern Chile (Temuco), seeking to identify the critical urban aspects that should be addressed in order to promote sustainable development. Identifying two urban zones of the city, data from a survey on habitability and public space directed at migrants, along with some urban sustainability indicators collected in four neighborhoods of both areas, are compared. The results show clear differences between zones, both in migrant population’s housing conditions and their uses of the public space, as well as in land occupation and accessibility to green areas in their neighborhoods, showing the existence of urban unsustainability features that affect the quality of life of immigrants. It is concluded about the need to collect empirical evidence limited to specific neighborhoods to establish correlations between sustainability and migration variables that allow the development of appropriate and sustainable urban planning.
On 19 December 2018 the UN General Assembly approved the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM), with 152 votes in favor, five against (Czech Republic, Hungary, Israel, Poland, ...United States), 12 abstentions (Algeria, Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Chile, Italy, Latvia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Romania, Singapore, Switzerland), and 24 countries not voting (UN, 2018). The GCM builds on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (UN, 2015) and on the New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants 2016 (of which it aims to implement Annex II) (UN, 2016). The article discusses the Global compact for migration, highlighting its potential and limits, supporters and detractors.
RESUMEN Introducción: Chile se ha consolidado como uno de los mayores destinos migratorios de la región, por lo que ha aumentado también la migración de profesionales de la salud, quienes deben ...acreditar su formación ante la autoridad chilena pertinente. Los países sin convenios vigentes deben revalidar el título profesional en la Universidad de Chile. Objetivo: Describir las postulaciones de revalidación de títulos profesionales emitidos por universidades extranjeras a las ocho carreras pertenecientes a la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Chile. Métodos: Estudio formulado desde el paradigma positivista. Se utilizaron métodos de análisis cuantitativos, de tipo descriptivo, transversal y basados en fuentes secundarias de información. La muestra ascendió a 1616 postulaciones de revalidación de títulos de profesionales de salud emitidos en el extranjero. Se realizó un análisis cuantitativo de estadística descriptiva mediante el programa STATA 16. Se consideraron como principales variables: el país emisor del título, el título a revalidar y el estado en el proceso de revalidación. Una vez consolidado este análisis, se trianguló con una revisión literaria efectuada entre junio de 2018 y abril de 2019, para establecer si la descripción podía interpretarse desde el fenómeno del drenaje de cerebros. Resultados: Las carreras con mayores tasas de solicitud de revalidación fueron Medicina y Enfermería. Un 32,55 % de las solicitudes correspondieron a títulos emitidos por universidades venezolanas y un 17,51 % del total, a universidades cubanas, por lo que estas se consolidan como las dos principales. Conclusiones: Las solicitudes de revalidación de títulos han ido creciendo a lo largo de los años. La migración de profesionales de la salud a Chile no responde al fenómeno de “drenaje de cerebros”, sino es consecuencia de los cambios políticos y sociales de la región, y la estabilidad política chilena desde los noventa.
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