After top producer China decided in 2010 to tighten its export quotas for rare earth elements (REE), major customers feared being cut off from the valuable metals. The trade dispute intensified when ...the EU, the USA, and Japan brought the case before the WTO. The export controls raise questions about China’s intentions and strategies. This article argues that China’s export policy should not be viewed in isolation. The export controls are embedded in a greater transformation of the strategic REE industry. Beijing promotes a broad set of policies, including industry reorganization, resource conservation, and environmental protection. Next, the article examines three narratives that may be constitutive of the Chinese policy. Findings indicate that the geopolitical narrative, which sees natural resources as instruments of power politics, can be only partly attributed to China’s REE policies. The major driving motives are domestic concerns for resource conservation and environmental protection, as well as the development of competitive downstream industries.
•I examine the domestic actors, policies and discourses in China’s rare earth industry.•The Chinese export controls are part of a profound transformation of the industry.•Geopolitical concerns explain this policy only to a limited degree.•Environmental and development concerns are the main motives for this policy.
The overview of the country’s trade with all the continents during the period of 2000-2019 is given. The description of the commodity structure of exports/imports of goods, with particular attention ...to the industrial products, is followed by the detailed analysis of Ukraine’s foreign trade in 2020. The decrease in Ukraine’s foreign trade in 2020 by 6.4% is fully consistent with the projected WTO reduction of world trade in 2020 by 9.2%. Although COVID-19 had negative impact on Ukraine’s trade with the EU and the EAEU, it contributed to closer trade ties with Asia, improving Ukraine’s trade balance. The government and the national business elite should aim at solving the problems of increasing the volume and improving the commodity structure of Ukraine’s foreign trade with emphasis on the development of transport system for exporting agricultural and food products to the developed countries of the West and to the prospective economies of the East and the South. It is essential, on the one hand, to focus on the inflows of FDI and their appropriate use, and, on the other hand, on Ukraine’s participation in the formation of GVCs, global production networks. In the conditions of the Fourth industrial revolution, the economy finds itself transformed due to the fundamental changes. The optimization of foreign trade relations of Ukraine will not only improve the economy, but also enable the country to become a better functioning element of the global economic system.
Abstract
This study uses annual data from 1985 to 2019 to analyze the export and import trade patterns of mechanical and electrical products of China. We employ H-index, or the difference between net ...export capability and symmetric revealed comparative advantage, to assess the trade policies in exports and imports. The results reveal that China has comparative advantage in the imports, and has had comparative disadvantage in the exports before 1999. In recent years, the policy of trade protectionism has been adopted, which promotes exports in terms of exports and restricts imports in terms of imports.
Estimating Trade Restrictiveness Indices Looi Kee, Hiau; Nicita, Alessandro; Olarreaga, Marcelo
The Economic journal (London),
2009, 2009-01, 20090101, January 2009, 2009-01-01, Letnik:
119, Številka:
534
Journal Article
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Studies of the impact of trade restrictiveness on growth, poverty or unemployment are frequent in the academic literature. Few authors, however, provide a precise definition of what they mean by ...trade restrictiveness. When they do, the definition is unlikely to have tight links with trade theory. The objective of this article is to fill this gap by providing for 78 developing and developed countries clearly defined indicators of trade restrictiveness that are well grounded in trade theory. Results suggest that poor countries tend to have more restrictive trade policies but they also face higher trade barriers on their exports.
Twentieth-century Europe was an intense laboratory of capitalist experimentation. Confronted with economic booms and crises, technological revolutions, and economic globalization, Western Europe's ...governments constantly explored alternative ways of managing domestic economic systems and international commerce. Bridging comparative and international political economy,Creative Reconstructionscompellingly expands our understanding of the historic relationship between varieties of capitalism and international cooperation.
Orfeo Fioretos' pathbreaking analysis places multilateral institutions at the center of the study of capitalism. He highlights the role played by governments' multilateral strategies in shaping the national trajectories of capitalism in Great Britain, France, and Germany. Fioretos shows that membership in international organizations such as the European Union and its precursors was an integral innovation in the domestic management of capitalism that came to play a central, if varied, role in shaping the evolution of modern market economies.
The European Union protects over 1,000 Geographical Indications for distinctive regional foods such as Parma ham and Feta cheese. This paper tests whether external protection of Geographical ...Indications through trade agreements has increased exports of European Union Geographical Indications. The answer matters for trade policy, because the protection of at least some Geographical Indications has been a red line in recent trade negotiations. We use detailed export data for cheeses, covering the 2004–2019 period. The analysis uses the latest trade models that take into account the possibility of zero‐trade flows for certain goods. We find that legal protection of Geographical Indications in trade agreements does not generally lead to significant additional exports above and beyond the general export‐promoting effects of trade agreements. This finding should limit international fears of protected Geographical Indications widely displacing comparable products made outside of the European Union. However, although there is no significant effect across the board, more detailed analyses do find significant effects. In particular, Geographical Indications of higher quality and with higher market shares do benefit from stronger external legal protection. Based on these findings, the European Union may want to refocus its demands for protection of Geographical Indications during trade negotiations.
Russian food embargo and the lost trade Cheptea, Angela; Gaigné, Carl
European review of agricultural economics,
04/2020, Letnik:
47, Številka:
2
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Abstract
We analyse the impact of the Russian food embargo on European and Russian trade patterns using a triple-difference estimation strategy. We quantify the embargo-induced loss in EU28 exports ...at €125 million per month. Only 45 per cent of the drop in EU exports of banned products to Russia was due to the ban. EU member states were unevenly affected by the ban. The estimated losses of welfare in Russia range from 0.2 to 0.6 per cent (In absolute terms, this represents €18 to €58 of the 2013 revenue of the average Russian consumer.).
The relationship between international trade and carbon emissions has been studied extensively; nonetheless, consumption-based carbon emissions, which is adjusted for international trade, have not ...been studied. This study is an attempt to address the gap by using consumption-based carbon emissions which is adjusted for trade in case of oil-exporting countries. The effect of international trade is analyzed by treating exports and imports separately from 1990 to 2018. The long-run impact of all variables, i.e., exports, imports, and gross domestic product (GDP) is higher than the short-run coefficients. The empirical evidence, both in the long-run and short-run, confirms the negative effect of exports on consumption-based carbon emissions. Furthermore, gross domestic product (GDP) and imports have a positive and statistically significant impact on consumption-based carbon emissions both in the short-run and long-run. Policies related to consumption-based carbon emissions and international trade shall realize the effect of government policies to absorb it fully by taking approximately two years.
•This study examine the effect of consumption-based emissions on International trade from 1990-2018.•Exports decreases, while imports and gross domestic product increase consumption-based carbon emissions.•The long-run coefficients are higher than the short-run coefficients.•Government policies effect shall realize to absorb fully by taking approximately two years.
This paper develops a multi-stage general-equilibrium model of global value chains (GVCs) and studies the specialization of countries within GVCs in a world with barriers to international trade. With ...costly trade, the optimal location of production of a given stage in a GVC is not only a function of the marginal cost at which that stage can be produced in a given country, but is also shaped by the proximity of that location to the precedent and the subsequent desired locations of production. We show that, other things equal, it is optimal to locate relatively downstream stages of production in relatively central locations. We also develop and estimate a tractable, quantifiable version of our model that illustrates how changes in trade costs affect the extent to which various countries participate in domestic, regional, or global value chains, and traces the real income consequences of these changes.
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