There is an urgent need to implement sustainable plastic use and disposal to prevent further negative consequences. As it involves human behavior, intervention measures that induce individual human ...behavioral changes are essential. While studies and good practices are rapidly increasing in this regard, there is no guarantee that good practices in one area will work equally well in other areas. Therefore, policymakers require appropriate guidance to choose suitable intervention measures for their context. This study proposes a behavioral barrier-based framework (BBBF) to aid policymakers in selecting context-appropriate intervention measures. The BBBF is built on the assumption that certain barriers prevent people from making desirable behavioral changes. The BBBF can help policymakers choose suitable intervention measures for lowering the barriers that inhibit desirable sustainable plastic use and disposal-related behaviors. The framework includes a generic list of barriers derived from possible intervention measures that integrate market-based, regulatory, and behavioral approaches to expedite the identification of critical barriers and corresponding intervention measures. Local stakeholders are involved in the whole process to reflect contextuality and elicit context-specific intervention measures, desirable behavioral measures, and their barriers. A BBBF application was developed and tested in Kyoto City, Japan. This application involved 1000 residents, two focus groups, 14 businesses, and three city officials connected to the issue. Fifteen intervention measures and three barrier types to induce sixteen desirable behavioral changes for achieving Kyoto City's four established policy targets were identified. All barriers were categorized per behavioral approach. The feasibility of the proposed intervention measures was assessed by stakeholders.
•The BBBF helps policymakers design context-appropriate intervention measures.•The BBBF provides a comprehensive typology of barriers and intervention measures.•The BBBF was developed and tested through its application to a case.•Three barrier types were identified to sixteen desirable behavioral changes.•Certain intervention measures become feasible only under certain conditions.
We study the effectiveness, consequences, and transmission mechanisms of the government's interventions for Hong Kong's residential housing market between 2009 and 2017. We use granular microlevel ...transaction data and adopt a regression discontinuity design to conduct the empirical analysis. We find that mortgage‐tightening measures effectively curbed the overheated market by reducing price and volume while specific submarkets occasionally experienced volatility. Tax‐driven measures effectively suppressed trading activity but triggered price volatilities across submarkets. Several rounds of measures had a spillover effect on subsidized public housing. Our findings have implications for policymakers seeking to review and revise property market intervention policies in Hong Kong and elsewhere.
Groundings are frequently occurring accidents that pose a serious risk in inland waterways. This paper proposes a flexible decision-support solution for grounded ships in the Yangtze River. The basis ...of the proposed method is to develop an influence diagram based on a three-layer decision-making framework, to consider the effectiveness of the intervention measures by adding two nodes and establishing the associated conditional probability tables, and to merge the influence diagram and the intervention measures as a flexible decision-support solution. The merits of the proposed method include the intuitive representation of how the influencing factors affect the alternatives using a graphical structure, the flexibility to implement and to consider the intervention measures for grounded ships, and the ability to deal with uncertainty in both numerical data and qualitative information. The results of the case study showed that it is unanimous with the real situations and the intervention measures should be considered to make effective and accurate decision-making for grounding ships. Consequently, the method presented in this paper provides a practical and flexible decision-support solution for grounded ships.
•Influence diagram based decision support solution is developed for grounded ships.•Proposed solution is flexible to consider the intervention measures for grounded ships.•Proposed solution can deal with both numerical and qualitative uncertainties.
Resumen: Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue cuantificar los beneficios económicos conseguidos antes y después de la implantación del permiso de conducción por puntos en las vías interurbanas ...en España. Método: Estudio descriptivo a través de la construcción de tres indicadores que expresaron el ahorro de costes por el número de víctimas evitadas. Se definieron dos periodos respecto al objetivo y se recopilaron datos de muertos, heridos graves y heridos leves en vías interurbanas entre 1999 y 2014 para cada provincia española. Se utilizaron para cada provincia datos de su población, producto interior bruto o número de vehículos-kilómetros recorridos en sus vías (MVKR). La cuantificación del ahorro se obtuvo utilizando las cifras oficiales de los costes para cada tipo de víctima en precios de 2014. Resultados: El ahorro por habitante en muertos en el periodo de vigencia del permiso de conducción por puntos se situó entre 3,89 euros y 19,65 euros anuales. El ahorro en heridos graves por MVKR se redujo un 15%-66% entre 2006 y 2014, lo que supone anualmente desde 449,15 euros a 1707,88 euros. Conclusiones: Durante el periodo de vigencia del permiso de conducción por puntos las provincias españolas han conseguido importantes ahorros de costes. Abstract: Objective: To quantify cost savings obtained before and after the implementation of the penalty-points driving licence on the interurban roads in Spain. Method: Descriptive study through the construction of three indicators that expressed the cost savings by the number of victims avoided. We defined two periods according to the objective and collected data on fatalities, serious injuries and slight injuries on interurban roads in 1999-2014 for each Spanish province. Thus, data for its population, GDP or number of vehicles-kilometres travelled on its roads (MVKT) were used for each province. The quantification of savings was obtained using official figures of costs for each type of victim in 2014 prices. Results: The cost savings per inhabitant on fatalities in the period of validity of the penalty-points driving licence was between 3.89 and 19.65 per year. Savings on serious injuries by MVKT were reduced by 15%-66% between 2006 and 2014, being from 449.15 to 1707.88 annually. Conclusions: During the period of validity of the penalty-points driving licence, the Spanish provinces have achieved significant cost savings.
ABSTRACT Introduction: The main reason for the decline in college students’ physical fitness and health is the lack of physical exercise, the emphasis on study and the neglect of physical exercise, ...and the lowering of the physical fitness requirements of college students. Objective: The paper analyzes the status quo and existing problems of college students’ physical fitness and proposes that the school party committee issues policy-based health intervention measures, encourages school physical education teachers to participate in students’ after-school physical exercises, and extensively develops school mass sports activities. Methods: The paper uses a literature method, questionnaire survey, comprehensive evaluation method, etc., to analyze the internal and external factors of college students’ physical decline. Results: Through the practice density test of students in physical education teaching, it is learned that physical education in the first grade can fully develop students’ physical fitness, and the practice density of each class reaches 60%. The practice density of the second-grade optional courses is about 20%, and it cannot achieve the purpose of effective physical exercise. Conclusions: The current teaching content and teaching methods of physical education classes cannot effectively complete physical education tasks. It is necessary to adjust the teaching content further and improve the teaching methods. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.
RESUMO Introdução: O principal motivo do declínio da condição física e da saúde dos estudantes universitários é a falta de exercícios físicos, a negligência dos exercícios físicos devido à ênfase no estudo e a redução das exigências de aptidão física dos estudantes universitários. Objetivo: O documento analisa o status quo e os problemas existentes de aptidão física de estudantes universitários e propõe que o comitê do partido escolar emita medidas de intervenção de saúde baseadas em políticas, encoraje os professores de educação física a participarem extensivamente dos exercícios físicos dos alunos após as aulas. Métodos: O artigo utiliza um questionário e um método de avaliação abrangente, etc., para analisar os fatores internos e externos de deterioração física dos estudantes universitários. Resultados: Por meio do teste de densidade de prática dos alunos no ensino de educação física, aprende-se que a educação física na primeira série pode desenvolver plenamente a aptidão física dos alunos, sendo que a prática de cada aula chega a 60%.A prática do curso eletivo de segundo grau é de aproximadamente 20% e não pode atingir o objetivo de exercícios físicos eficazes. Conclusões: O conteúdo e os métodos de ensino atuais das aulas de educação física não podem completar as tarefas de educação física com eficácia. É necessário aperfeiçoar ainda mais o conteúdo de ensino e melhorar os métodos de ensino. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos: investigação dos resultados do tratamento.
RESUMEN Introducción: La principal razón del declive en la condición física y la salud de los estudiantes universitarios es la falta de ejercicio físico, el descuido del ejercicio físico por el énfasis en el estudio, y la reducción de los requisitos de aptitud física de los estudiantes universitarios. Objetivo: El documento analiza el status quo y los problemas existentes de la aptitud física de los estudiantes universitarios y propone que el comité del partido escolar emita medidas de intervención de salud basadas en políticas, aliente a los maestros de educación física de la escuela a participar en los ejercicios físicos de los estudiantes después de la escuela de manera extensiva. Métodos: El artículo utiliza cuestionario y método de evaluación integral, etc., para analizar los factores internos y externos del deterioro físico de los estudiantes universitarios. Resultados: A través de la prueba de densidad de práctica de los estudiantes en la enseñanza de educación física, se aprende que la educación física en el primer grado puede desarrollar plenamente la aptitud física de los estudiantes, y la práctica de cada clase alcanza el 60%. La práctica de los cursos optativos de segundo grado es de aproximadamente el 20% y no puede lograr el propósito de un ejercicio físico efectivo. Conclusiones: El contenido y los métodos de enseñanza actuales de las clases de educación física no pueden completar eficazmente las tareas de educación física. Es necesario ajustar aún más el contenido de la enseñanza y mejorar los métodos de enseñanza. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos: investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.
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