Intercalation of lithium ions into the crystal lattice of tungsten trioxide is one of the most researched electrochromic mechanisms. Conventional electrochromic devices (ECDs) utilize electrodes made ...of thin layer coatings of WO3 on optically transparent conductive polymer or metal oxide substrates. A majority of Li+-WO3 based ECDs is built in the so-called “sandwich” configuration, where the optically transparent electrode (OTE) is placed directly on top of the Li+-based electrolyte which separates it from the counter electrode. It is shown here that stainless steel foils can replace conventional electrode substrates with the advantage of higher electrical conductivity and mechanical flexibility. In addition, the so-called “inverted sandwich” ECD architecture is introduced which allows for fabrication of devices without the use of at least one OTE. Electrochromic tape with two stainless steel based electrodes, coated with WO3 and pencil lead carbon, is presented and characterized both electrochemically and optically.
Electronic paper devices, also known as electrochromic devices, are known for their ability to change color and remain in a particular color state even after the electric power is turned off. ...Traditional devices such as electrochromic windows use mechanisms such as electrophoresis or intercalation and use special materials such as anhydrous electrolytes and transparent conductive materials (TCMs). As a result, these devices can sometimes be relatively difficult to assemble, especially in developing countries where such materials are difficult to obtain. Recently, some improvements are made by using alternative electrode positioning that do not require TCM. Here, a novel multicolor display module that is recyclable, can be fabricated from readily available materials, and can be scaled according to the desired screen size is presented. The presented device is a semi‐open electrochemical device that uses pH indicator dyes and an aqueous electrolyte solution in combination with readily available stainless steel sheet.
A novel multicolor electrochromic device that uses no transparent conductive electrodes and uses water‐based electrolyte with added pH dye is developed. Presented multicolor display is easy to refurbish, modify, and recycle, since it uses all stainless steel electrodes. Presented type of device can use a combination of different pH dyes and electrolytes.
Siloxides can support U! …︁in the reduction of small molecules with uranium complexes. The treatment of U{N(SiMe3)2}3 with HOSi(OtBu)3 (3 equiv) yielded a novel homoleptic uranium(III) siloxide ...complex 1, which acted as a two‐electron reducing agent toward CS2 and CO2 (see scheme). Complex 1 also reduced toluene to afford a diuranium inverted‐sandwich complex.
Electrochromism is the ability of a material to selectively change its coloration under the influence of an external electric current/potential and maintain it even after the power source has been ...disconnected. Devices that use such a mechanism are known as electrochromic devices (ECDs). Over the years, significant effort has been invested into the development of flexible ECDs. Such electrochromic tapes or fibers can be used as smart textiles. Recently, we utilized a novel geometrical approach in assembling electrochromic tapes which does not require the use of optically transparent electrodes. The so-called inverted sandwich ECD configuration can employ various color-changing mechanisms, e.g., intercalation, redox reactions of electrolytes or reactions on electrode surfaces. One of the most frequently used electrochromic metal oxides is WO3. However, other metal oxides with different coloration responses also exist. In this paper, we explore the use of V2O5 and TiO2 in metal-tape-based ECDs in the inverted sandwich configuration and compare their performance with WO3-based devices. Morphological features of metal oxide thin layers were investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the performance of the tapes was investigated electrochemically and spectroscopically. We demonstrate that well-established preparation techniques (e.g., sol–gel synthesis) along with coating approaches (e.g., dipping) are adequate to prepare optically nontransparent fiber electrodes. Depending on the metal oxide, flexible electrochromic fiber devices exhibiting different coloration patterns can be assembled. Devices with TiO2 showed little coloration response, while much better performance was achieved in the case of V2O5 and WO3 ECDs.
All currently known sandwich‐type electrochromic devices (ECDs) require at least one optically transparent electrode (OTE) for their operation. Here, it is demonstrated that this requirement is ...conceptually redundant. The so‐called inverted sandwich ECD architecture is introduced, with its principal components being: two solid optically nontransparent electrodes (high electrical conductivity material), an insulator that prevents a short‐circuit between the electrodes, and an electrochromic mixture applied on a solid carrier. The modus operandi of the present proof‐of‐concept solution‐phase double‐sided ECD is a reversible color change of the indicator dye caused by the variations in pH of the water‐based electrolyte solution due to electrolysis. Application of the inverted sandwich topology to make electrochromic tapes is given.
At present, all conventional electrochromic cell devices (ECDs) in a sandwich configuration use at least one optically transparent electrode. This study offers a general solution for a novel cell device topology—called the inverted sandwich—which involves only optically nontransparent electrodes. It represents a significant advance in understanding the correlation between ECD architectures and their functionality.
Summary A new technique is described for outpatient dental rehabilitation of a severely atrophic mandible. Calvarial bone graft fixed to the mandible through an extraoral approach was used to treat a ...47 year-old woman with class VI mandibular atrophy. 5 months later, six endosseous dental implants were placed between the mental foramina and rehabilitation was completed using a fixed implant-supported prostheses. After 8 years, the denture remains stable on the implants and no bony changes have been noted. This technique is an efficient option for treating patients with a severe mandibular atrophy.
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