Women play an important role in rural economic activity but face severe constraints to productivity and socioeconomic security. Nigeria's agriculture sector employs 35 percent of women and up to 44 ...percent of female heads of households. Yet a number of factors constrain the expansion and diversification of agricultural activities, including fewer rights to land than men, lower access to credit, and inequitable access to inputs, fertilizers, and extension services. As a result, their agricultural productivity remains lower than that of men and their vulnerability to food insecurity and poverty higher. How to help female farmers increase their agricultural productivity and expand their economic opportunities is thus a key policy question. The government sees its agriculture transformation agenda (ATA) as a critical tool for driving rural income growth, accelerating the achievement of food and nutritional security, generating employment, and transforming the country into a leading player in global food markets. The strategy is to improve the value chains of a number of agricultural commodities by focusing on key aspects, including the availability and provision of improved inputs (seed and fertilizer), support for increased productivity and production, and the establishment of staple crop processing zones. With a view to informing the design of future agriculture policies and projects, this research investigated the experience of female farmers in an existing agriculture development project, the National Fadama Development Project (Fadama). Fadama is a community-driven development (CDD) project that aims to reduce rural poverty and increase food availability throughout all 36 states and the Federal capital territory in Nigeria. In particular, the research examines: target; performance; and empowerment of female farmers. This paper focuses predominantly on female Fadama user groups (FUGs) involved in cassava and palm oil processing, as these are the main crops with which women work under Fadama in Ogun state. Section A presents the factors that facilitate and shape women s access to and performance in FUGs. Section B discusses how women s increased income under the project affects their economic empowerment. Section C draws conclusions on the basis of this research, laying out key findings and exploring their operational and policy implications.
The Government of India (GoI) under its common minimum program is enhancing central funding to states for effective delivery of essential health services to underserved populations residing in the ...rural areas of the country. Flexible financing is being provided to states under the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) to develop locally relevant strategies to improve service delivery and implement evidence-based interventions to enhance health outcomes of centrally sponsored schemes in the health sector. Such rapid scaling-up of central allocations for different health sector schemes will involve massive procurement of health sector goods by the states and districts that have capacity constraints to undertake health sector procurement The NRHM framework notes that continued central procurement is not a solution and proposes a phased decentralization of procurement to states and districts. This note supports the approach of phased decentralization through development of an assessment tool for systematically identifying the procurement capacity constraints at state level.
Solicitation is the process of requesting bids or proposals from potential suppliers. Once the supplier research and market analysis is complete, and one has identified several suppliers that are ...well positioned in their markets and appear to have the qualifications that one needs, the sourcing team can develop a solicitation plan. The plan should establish the method to be used for the solicitation and, when applicable, the type of contract to be used. The solicitation plan is driven by the nature of what is being acquired and the makeup of the supply base in the particular market in which one is sourcing. In the process of developing the plan, one must evaluate the nature of the acquisition as a way of narrowing the sourcing possibilities. One should always keep in mind that there are sourcing and procurement actions that fall outside the requirement for solicitation, such as purchasing card transactions and spot or micropurchases. This chapter discusses various solicitation methods such as The Invitation for Bid (IFB), The Request for Quotation (RFQ), etc.
