Motivation
Responding to growing immigration concerns in recent years, European countries have claimed to tackle the root causes of migration using development assistance. Some recent analyses find ...more aid to be associated with lower immigration, providing support to this policy. But these findings rely on measures of regular migration, while donors’ concern is centred on irregular migrants.
Purpose
This study tests whether development aid has a deterrent effect on irregular migration to Europe.
Methods
Adopting innovative data on irregular migration flows to Europe between 2009 and 2016, a simultaneous equations model accounts for the potential endogeneity of both total and bilateral aid.
Findings
The study finds that total aid does not significantly reduce numbers of migrants apprehended at Europe’s border. Moreover, bilateral aid tends to raise these numbers. The estimated costs for each deterred irregular migrant are high: in the best‐case scenario the range is between USD 150,000 and USD 320,000. The estimated costs to deter regular migrants are even higher, between USD 0.9 million and USD 2.5 million. Both estimates concur with those from previous work. Findings are robust to different aid measures and specifications.
Policy implications
Empirical results provide no evidence to support the use of development aid to deter migration.
Migration-control policies have become a topic of considerable debate among political actors in many European countries, increasingly, in the aftermath of 2015. Debates and policy measures focus on ...irregular migrants, a term that encompasses with different statuses, from those entering a territory without valid documents to rejected asylum seekers who continue to stay, to visa over-stayers, and to absconded persons. Politicians promote migration control measures in pursuit of a variety of goals, most importantly to deter migrants from entering the country or to deincentivize their residence and receipt of membership rights (Rosenberger & Muller, forthcoming). Moreover, migration control is increasingly carried out by proposing and practicing restricted irregular migrants' access to welfare services. The selective exclusion and inclusion of irregular migrants in welfare services has been identified as a tool of post-entry migration control (Bommes & Geddes, 2000).
Drawing on fieldwork and interviews in Oslo and Bergen, Norway, this article discusses irregular migrants’ experiences of existential displacement and the tactics they use to try to re-establish a ...sense of emplacement and belonging. More specifically, it argues that irregular migrants’ experiences of embodied unbelonging are a consequence of a violent form of governmentality that includes specific laws, healthcare structures, and migration management rationalities. The article makes this argument by tracing how these experiences translate into embodied effects that feature prominently in migrants’ narratives of suffering while living in a country that purports to provide welfare services to all. The narratives of their state of being-in-the-world are ways through which migrants both experience and express the violence and deprivation they face. I argue that these narratives are instances of structures of feeling (Williams
1973
), which are shaped by modes of governmentality. The article shows that irregular migrants’ coping strategies centrally involve faith, religious communities and friends. Irregular migrants draw on these relationships to get by, access healthcare, and to resist the (health) effects of social deprivation and political violence. These relationships allow irregular migrants to find meaningful ways of being-in-the-world and rebuilding, to some extent, a sense of entitlement and belonging.
This open access book examines the impacts and experiences of family separation on forced migrants and their transnational families. On the one hand, it investigates how people with a forced ...migration background in Europe, the Middle East, and Latin America experience separation from their families, and on the other, how family and kin in the countries of origin or transit are impacted by the often precarious circumstances of their family members in receiving countries. In particular, this book provides new knowledge on the nexus between transnational family separation, forced migration, and everyday (in)security. Additionally, it yields comparative information for assessing the impacts of relevant legislation and administrative practice in a number of national contexts. Based on rich empirical data, including unique cases about South-South migration, the findings in this book are highly relevant to academics in migration and refugee studies as well as policy-makers, legislators and practitioners.
The literature on migrants’ integration and wellbeing is ample, but the case of economic-asylum seekers in a protracted asylum application system is yet to receive sufficient attention. The ...economic-asylum seekers are a unique group who migrate with an economic motive but apply for asylum to achieve economic integration in the host country. We use the aspiration-capability framework and a mixed-method approach: participant observation, focus group discussion, and field survey, to study a group of economic-asylum seekers from Nigeria when they were waiting for their asylum decisions in Italy. We find that they evaluate their wellbeing by reflecting on their premigration aspirations, integration constraints, and capabilities. They report lower life satisfaction compared to their satisfaction in Nigeria, and were affected by several barriers including structural, psychological, economic, and social constraints. Our study generally describes what it is like to live in limbo and frustration, with a limited assurance for a better tomorrow. It gives voice to the economic-asylum seekers and contributes to the integration literature by examining their perceptions of integration constraints.
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Um Hemmnisse im Zugang zur Gesundheitsversorgung für Migrierte ohne Papiere abzubauen, hat der niedersächsische Landtag 2014 ein dreijähriges Modellprojekt beschlossen. ...Hierfür wurden Vergabestellen (VS) in Hannover und Göttingen eingerichtet, wo Migrierte ohne Papiere einen Behandlungsschein (BS) zur Gesundheitsversorgung bei akuten Erkrankungen, Schmerzzuständen, für Vorsorgeuntersuchungen und für Impfungen erhalten.
Ziel der Studie
Wir untersuchten, welche medizinischen Leistungen während der ersten zwei Jahre des Projektes in Anspruch genommen wurden, um Bedarfe zu identifizieren und Verbesserungsvorschläge zu adressieren.
Methode
Wir analysierten die Daten der VS der ersten zwei Jahre seit Beginn der BS-Ausgabe (01.02.2016–31.01.2018). Wir werteten demografische Merkmale der Ratsuchenden, Beratungsanlässe, Diagnosen und ärztliche Maßnahmen deskriptiv aus. Zudem führten wir eine explorative Befragung Ratsuchender bei einer VS zum Thema Impfungen durch (02–05/2018).
Ergebnisse
An 236 Personen wurden 698 BS ausgegeben. Monatlich wurden im Mittel zunächst 17 (02–07/2016), zuletzt 44 Scheine (08/2017–01/2018) ausgegeben. 56 % der Ratsuchenden waren weiblich, 16 % waren <18 Jahre. Zur Schwangerschaftsüberwachung kamen 50 % der Frauen (66/132). Bei 4 % (9/236) wurden Impfungen abgerechnet. An der explorativen Befragung nahmen 18/25 Ratsuchenden teil. Grundsätzlich bestand bei allen eine Bereitschaft zur Impfung, 12 (67 %) hatten bereits Impfungen erhalten.
Schlussfolgerung
Die zunehmende Inanspruchnahme der VS zeigt einen Bedarf nach niederschwelliger Versorgung, vor allem bei besonders schutzbedürftigen Personengruppen (Kinder, Schwangere). Impfungen wurden kaum durchgeführt und sollten stärker befördert werden, z. B. durch Beratung und Aufklärung der Dienstleister und der Betroffenen.
A pesar del elevado número de informaciones y referencias a los inmigrantes irregulares en España, son muy escasos los estudios que aborden su situación, sus motivaciones y sus perspectivas. Este ...texto propone un acercamiento al perfil de los ciudadanos extranjeros en situación documental irregular en 2002 y 2003 estableciendo comparaciones en relación con algunos rasgos de los extranjeros documentados y reseñando algunas características de los irregulares colombianos, ecuatorianos y marroquíes.
The unprecedented outbreak of covid-19 has affected the living conditions of irregular migrants across the globe. This article explores the challenges of cross-border migrants amid the covid-19 ...outbreak. It accentuates on investigating the life trajectories of irregular migrant returnees since the pandemic started. A mini survey case study was employed to collect data from selected returnees quarantined in Dire Dawa city, Ethiopia. Humanitarian workers and returnee host community members were also entailed for the data triangulation. Key informant interview and questionnaire were administered during the data collection. Partial random and convenience sampling techniques were employed to outreach the survey participants, while key informant interviewees were purposively selected. The study establishes that irregular migrants are a severely affected segment of society by the pandemic outbreak. It is unveiled that covid-19 has induced forced deportation of migrants that has risked them losing advantages they sought at the beginning of their migration. Most of the irregular migrants were excluded from stimulus packages meant to mitigate the economic crisis induced by the pandemic because they lack legal documents to claim the benefit. It is confirmed that migrants contracted covid-19 to a greater extent, forced into deportation at the time cases surged and forced to quarantine on arrival at the home country, thereby increasing their vulnerabilities. Measures taken to curb the virus has interrupted informal business activities overwhelmingly absorbing irregular migrant workers which mutated them back into impoverishment. The study demonstrates that covid-19 has ravaged the living conditions of irregular migrants and that there is need for a specific adaptive response that is considerate of migrant victims from the concerned stakeholders.
Migrants with undocumented/irregular statuses constitute one of the most vulnerable groups in terms of living and working conditions. This paper critically engages with the discussions on precarity ...in relation to irregular migrant labour in Turkey. It addresses the living and working conditions of migrant workers as a particular form of work and life, who can be seen as representing the new precariat of Turkey. The number of immigrants has grown in Turkey since the late 1980s, and with the mass influx of Syrian migrants since 2011 the public visibility of migration and associated precarity has increased as well. Deriving from such a context, the article adopts a theoretical and empirical analysis of the relationship between precarity and migration in the Turkish context by critically evaluating migrant workers’ work and life experiences (including migrants’ contestations of their everyday life).
This open access IMISCOE Regional Reader explores the issues faced by migrant groups in Southeast Asia and the challenges of getting of their human rights recognized. It analyses the different ...responses, or lack thereof, of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) to these highly complex situations which are shaped by contemporary debates around borders and concepts of states, migrants’ rights as well as access to citizenship and how these concepts and paradigms are intertwined with issues such as agency and resilience of migrants. Crucial attention is given to the region’s lesser known populations and issues such as the Vietnamese in Thailand, people of Indonesian descent (PIDs) in Southern Philippines, independent child migrants across the region, and the vulnerabilities of migrant workers facing the COVID-19 pandemic. With its unique regional focus, this book provides a valuable resource to those studying human rights and migration issues, policy makers and researchers and students.
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