U radu se razmatra važnost fazne heuristike za razvoj javnih politika kao akademske discipline. Pod faznom heuristikom podrazumijeva se shvaćanje koje ističe da proces stvaranja politika prolazi kroz ...niz sukcesivnih faza, poput postavljanja dnevnog reda, formulacije, legitimiranja, implementacije i vrednovanja javnih politika. Rad se zasniva na razmatranju 66 knjiga objavljenih u razdoblju od 1968. do 2023., podijeljenih u dvije temeljne skupine: naslove koji daju cjeloviti prikaz faznog modela i naslove koji su bez cjelovitog prikaza tog modela. Rezultati analize knjiga koje su ušle u uzorak pokazuju da većina naslova ne slijedi obrazac fazne heuristike, premda i dalje značajan broj naslova, pogotovo kada je riječ o udžbenicima, jasno slijedi fazni narativ u prikazu stvaranja javnih politika. U radu se daje kratki prikaz razvoja fazne naracije usporedno s razvojem javnih politika kao akademske discipline, a prikazuju se i temeljne kritike takvog pristupa. U posljednjem se dijelu rada tematizira moguća uloga fazne heuristike u budućem razvoju teorijskih pristupa javnim politikama.
The paper discusses the importance of stages heuristics for the development of public policies as an academic discipline. The stages heuristic implies that the policy making process goes through a series of successive stages, such as agenda-setting, formulation, legitimation, implementation and evaluation of public policy. The paper is based on the consideration of 66 books published in the period from 1968 to 2023, divided into two basic groups: titles that provide a complete presentation of the stages model and titles that do not provide a complete presentation of that model. The results of the analysis of the books included in the sample show that the majority of titles do not follow the pattern of stages heuristic, although still a significant number of titles, especially when it comes to textbooks, clearly follow the phase narrative in the presentation of the process of public policy making. The paper gives a brief description of the development of the phase narrative in parallel with the development of public policies as an academic discipline, and also presents the fundamental criticisms of such an approach. The last part of the paper discusses the possible role of stages heuristics in the future development of theoretical approaches to the discipline of public policy.
Cilj je ovoga rada pripremiti osnove za utemeljenu procjenu transformacije suvremenog stvaranja javnih politika pod utjecajem aktualnih kriza na način da se detektiraju dimenzije u kojima se ...promijenio kontekst stvaranja javnih politika krajem 20. i početkom 21. stoljeća. Rad je zasnovan na pregledu literature iz politološke discipline javnih politika, ali i srodnih disciplina javne uprave i socijalnih djelatnosti koje svojim specifičnim konceptima također pokušavaju razaznati transformaciju suvremenih javnih politika. Prvo se pokušavaju grubo sistematizirati osnovni elementi promjena konteksta u sklopu društva, tržišta i države, a zatim se fokusira na istraživanje tipova države s obzirom na fukcije koje ona ispoljava kroz raznorodne javne politike; na vrste javnog upravljanja i višestruke oblike kroz koje ono danas djeluje; te na transformaciju socijalne države u smjeru kombiniranih socijalnih politika. Glavni je nalaz rada da nove funkcije, nove strukture, novi ciljevi, novi instrumenti i novi akteri koje se može pronaći u stvaranju javnih politika na prijelazu stoljeća ne istiskuju stare, već se na njih nadograđuju i talože kao dodatni slojevi. Takozvano slojevanje čini se ključnom značajkom suvremenog stvaranja javnih politika, iako se još ne može odrediti hoće li ono olakšati ili onemogućavati rješavanje aktualnih kriza, te stoga treba biti središnji fokus interdisciplinarnih istraživanja društvenih znanosti u nadolazećem razdoblju.
Je li istina važna? Puljić, Tin
Anali Hrvatskog politološkog društva,
12/2022, Letnik:
19, Številka:
1
Journal Article, Paper
Recenzirano
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Svrha je rada povezati konstruktivistički pristup javnim politikama s pojmovima znanja, moći i istine kod Michela Foucaulta te iz spomenute poveznice sintetizirati korisne uvide za istraživanje ...javnih politika. Najprije se razrađuju osobine konstruktivističkog pristupa, daje se osvrt na podjelu na "stroži" i "mekši" konstruktivizam te se nude odgovori na određene kritike konstruktivizma. Potom se podrobno razrađuje pojam istine kod Foucaulta kao i ostali važni pojmovi u Foucaultovu pojmovnom aparatu poput znanja, moći i diskursa, te se naposljetku iznosi poveznica između Foucaultova rada i konstruktivizma. Pitanje koje nadsvođuje rad jest pitanje mogućnosti utvrđivanja objektivne istine u području društvenih znanosti te relevantnosti objektivne istine za javne politike i polje političkoga općenito.
The goal of this paper is to bring together the constructivist approach to public policy and Michel Foucault's concepts of knowledge, power, and truth, and to synthetize useful insights for public policy research from that connection. First, the characteristics of the constructivist approach are elaborated, and commentary is provided on the distinction between "rigid" and "soft" constructivism, and the answers to certain criticisms of constructivism are provided. Then, Foucault's concept of truth is elaborated in detail, as well as other important concepts in Foucault's conceptual apparatus such as knowledge, power and discourse. Finally, the connection between Foucault's work and constructivism is presented. The overarching question of the paper is the question of the possibility of establishing objective truth in the area of social sciences, and the relevance of objective truth for public policy and the political field in general.
The problem of a healthcare workforce shortage is present on a global scale, as evidenced by the World Health Organization's estimate that by 2035, there will be a global deficit of 12.9 million ...healthcare workers (Campbell et al., 2013). Previous research indicates that the emigration of highly qualified professionals is relatively under-researched within the Croatian scientific community. Some studies have focused on surveys among student populations and their inclinations towards emigration as a form of potential emigration (Golub, 2003; Šverko, 2005; Mlikota and Prelas Kovačević, 2013; Bojanić, Bojanić and Likić, 2015; Mrkonjić et al., 2019; Troskot, Prsaklo and Šimić Banović, 2019; Šlibar, Oreški and Klačmer Čalopa, 2023). According to existing research, the most common reasons contributing to the inclination to-wards migration among healthcare workers in Croatia include issues in the organisation of the healthcare system and working conditions, low financial compensation, issues in the education and specialisation process, nepotism and political favouritism in the healthcare system, as well as the general political climate in society. This study is part of the first author's research for her doctoral dissertation on the topic “Key Factors in the Emigration of Healthcare Workers from the Republic of Croatia.” The general aim of this research was to map the relevant reasons for the emigration of healthcare workers from Croatia from their perspective and based on their statements, and to identify the key reasons for emigration, i.e., those that prevail in the decision-making process regarding emigration. The research questions were defined as follows: What are all the factors that influenced the decision of emigrated physicians to leave Croatia? Which of these factors are more important than others, i.e., prevail in decision-making? How can we explain the differences in the importance of these factors? The research was conducted using qualitative methodology as the optimal framework considering the research topic. The study included 45 healthcare workers, both emigrated and non-emigrated. We interviewed members of the two largest groups of healthcare workers, nurses/medical technicians and physicians, but in this paper, we present preliminary results obtained from one of the researched subsamples: emigrated physicians. Some of the results presented here were obtained from research on a sample from the population of physicians who emigrated from Croatia, constituting a subsample of the total sample of emigrated healthcare workers, with a total of 18 interviews conducted (13 women, and 5 men). The research was initiated in September 2021 and completed in February 2023, with all interviews conducted online due to the pandemic context. Regarding the method of data analysis and processing, we opted for a thematic analysis approach, specifically a variant of thematic analysis developed by King (2004), called pattern analysis. We argue that this approach is particularly suitable for studies aimed at comparing different perspectives of actors in a phenomenon within a specific context. Through the process of inductive and deductive thematic analysis and in accordance with the initial theoretical-conceptual framework of this research, we established three main themes that describe and encompass important groups of reasons for the emigration of physicians from Croatia: 1. Professional aspirations of physicians. This type of motivation represents a key or significant reason for the decision to emigrate, or it is indirectly related to that decision. It may involve a desire for training that is not offered in Croatia at all, or if it is, the quality of education is perceived as inadequate, i.e., some physicians strive for higher-quality education. Physicians who want to educate themselves and/or specialise in narrowly specialised areas can only acquire their knowledge in countries with larger healthcare systems. Furthermore, reasons related to the possibility of obtaining the desired specialisation are mentioned, as well as the perception of fairness in the competition process, i.e., the perception of corruption and nepotism in these processes. 2. Organisational context of the Croatian healthcare system. This theme is crucial when discussing the reasons for the emigration of physicians from Croatia. Emigrated physicians uniformly express a high degree of dissatisfaction with various aspects of working in the Croatian public healthcare system, and in the vast majority of cases, they cite this as the key reason for deciding to emigrate. These aspects include interpersonal relationships (along with the theme of mobbing), overtime work and excessive workloads, high levels of politicisation of the profession (including the themes of corruption and nepotism in the healthcare system), and management of the healthcare system (at both higher and lower levels) along with the related theme of the system’s structure and organisation. 3. General/broader social context. The theme of quality of life did not emerge as one of the decisive reasons for emigration, but the theme of the broader social context, i.e., the perception of the general socio-political atmosphere in Croatia, appeared important for some physicians, and for a smaller number, as one of the decisive reasons for emigration. We believe this broader context is associated by interlocutors with the context of working in the healthcare system. The politicisation of the profession/ system and the phenomenon of corruption and nepotism in the system are recognised as part of the broader socio-political context in which corruption and nepotism are important features of the general socio-political climate. We contend that, for a small portion of interviewed physicians, the inability to realise their professional aspirations in Croatia is an important push factor for emigration. However, we believe that our research provides grounds to conclude that this concerns a very small number of physicians, and that the phenomenon of emigration would not represent any burden to the healthcare system if other important push factors were not present. The organisational context of the public healthcare system, i.e., various aspects of the experience of working in that system, takes precedence in our analysis in terms of key push factors for emigration. In this group of reasons, there is no simple answer, as the aspects of this issue are multiple and intertwined. A large portion of emigrated physicians speak of poor interpersonal relationships as one of the most important reasons for emigration. This theme is often associated in their statements with the theme of excessive politicisation of the profession, forming opposing groups (“us/our” and “them/theirs”), which directly harms cooperation. In the context of the theme of interpersonal relationships, we notice that there are two types of mobbing, individual cases of abuse of power, and systemic mobbing, where the system accepts and legitimises it to some extent since there are no sanctions for instances of abuse. We recognise the second type mostly in relation to younger physicians, especially specialists, in the undermining of work standards and norms manifested in the frequency of overtime work, overloading with work tasks, and problems in interpersonal relationships and in managing work organisation. We also observed a specific type of systemic mobbing characterised by gender-discriminatory abusive behaviour and the use of positions of power within the system for inappropriate and disturbing practices by superiors towards staff. The overall picture we describe points to an organisational climate that tolerates, or even encourages, but most importantly conceals problems in its functioning. These issues are addressed inadequately or not at all, and there are no adequate mechanisms for sanctioning (or they exist but are not applied, and when they are, they often have little real effect for the victim). Other possible factors contributing to emigration were mentioned, such as individual and family reasons that facilitate decision-making about migration and most often increase the likelihood of emigration. In addition, factors include active recruitment by foreign agencies, changes in regulatory frameworks that facilitate mobility, recognition and evaluation of qualifications, perception of favourable conditions for immigration and integration at the destination, better opportunities for the education of children, desire for change and openness to new experiences, among others. The limitations of this research relate to the predominant focus on the physicians’ reminiscences of reasons for emigration, which may sometimes be post-hoc rationalisations of their decisions. Another limitation concerns the method of conducting interviews, which, although initially planned to be face-to-face, were ultimately conducted remotely and virtually due to the circumstances of the global COVID-19 pandemic. From the presented results, we can conclude that the emigration of physicians from Croatia is shaped by numerous interconnected factors. Without investment in education and training, and the retention of the medical workforce, there is a risk of potential degradation in treatment standards due to a shortage of necessary professionals. Therefore, research on the emigration of physicians is relevant for various national stakeholders involved in the creation and implementation of public policies, especially healthcare, migration, and educational policies related to healthcare worker education and specialisation, among others.
Nakon usvajanja 17 Globalnih ciljeva održivog razvoja u sklopu UN-ovog razvojnog Programa 2030., održivi razvoj kao temelj gospodarskog razvoja još jednom dobiva zamašnjak. Prepoznavši važnost uloge ...gospodarstva u postizanju održivog razvoja, UN poziva poslovni sektor da dâ svoj doprinos. Upravo inovacije u gospodarstvu predstavljaju najizgledniji put ka održivoj proizvodnji i potrošnji, kružnom gospodarstvu ili pak nisko-ugljičnom razvoju. Bez rješenja na operativnoj i praktičnoj razini, sve vizije, strategije i strateški dokumenti ostaju samo slovo na papiru.
Ovaj rad preglednog je tipa te postavlja terminološki i teorijski okvir za pojam eko-inovacija te daje prikaz njihova razvoja i prednosti koje donosi implementacija kroz pregled znanstvenih, regulatornih i izvora iz prakse. Pregledom stručne literature ukazuje se na važnost i prednosti eko-inovacija kao osnove za održivi razvoj, snažne prisutnosti teme u europskim i međunarodnim strateškim dokumentima te s druge strane nedostatnog strateškog usmjerenja javne politike u Hrvatskoj. Nedostatak strateške usmjerenosti na eko-inovacije kao poluge za održivi razvoj rezultira nezainteresiranošću poslovnog sektora u Hrvatskoj za prelazak na održive prakse, što osim negativnih ekoloških, ima i negativne ekonomske utjecaje na hrvatsko gospodarstvo, posebno na konkurentnost i dugoročnu opstojnost. Analizom prepreka i prikazom dobre prakse, pokušat će se potaknuti kreativno razmišljanje za održivi razvoj, bolje razumijevanje utjecaja i rizika, kao i želju da se promijeni status quo te shvaćanje da razvoj ovih rješenja potencijalno otvara nova i vrlo unosna tržišta.
Djeca i mladi zaslužuju posebnu pažnju kada govorimo o zdravlju, između ostalog i zbog povezanosti resursa djetinjstva i mladenačke dobi na utjecaj dobrobiti u odrasloj dobi, gdje očekujemo ...produktivne pojedince koji odgovorno pridonose zajednici u svim pogledima, i socijalnom i ekonomskom. Mentalno zdravlje postavljeno je kao javnozdravstveni prioritet na globalnoj razini. Na razini svijeta, 10 - 20 % djece i adolescenata doživi neki mentalni poremećaj, pri čemu polovica svih mentalnih poremećaja započinje u dobi od 14 godina, a tri četvrtine do sredine 20-ih godina života. Govoreći o mentalnom zdravlju djece i mladih kao socijalnoj stvarnosti govorimo o socijalnom problemu koji je potrebno rješavati na razini društva u smjeru prikladnosti, razrješenju konfuzije i izgradnji perspektive. Rad daje pregled stanja ulaganja u zdravlje, djecu i obitelj, pregled sadržaja dokumenta temeljnih politika mentalnog zdravlja i politike za djecu i mlade te problematiku definiranja i praćenja stanja mentalnog zdravlja. Navedeno je i u svrhu argumenta da je ulaganje u mentalno zdravlje djece i mladih na području Republike Hrvatske i dalje na nedovoljnoj razini za postizanje veće razine uspjeha.
Children and young people deserve special attention when we talk about health, among other things, because of the connection between childhood and adolescence resources on the impact of well-being in adulthood where we expect productive individuals who contribute responsibly to the community in all aspects, including both social and economic. Mental health has been set as a public health priority on a world scale. Globally, 10-20% of children and adolescents experience some form of mental disorder with half of them beginning at the age of 14 and three-quarters by their mid-20s. When discussing children and young people’s mental health as a social reality, we are discussing a social issue that needs to be solved on a societal level in a manner that is appropriate, resolves confusion and builds perspective. This paper gives an overview of the investment in health, children and families, an overview of the content of strategic documents for mental health, children and youth policies, as well as the issue of defining and monitoring the state of mental health. All the aforementioned arguments also favor the claim that investments in the mental health of children and youth in the Republic of Croatia still aren’t on a sufficient enough level to achieve higher levels of success.
Članak prikazuje i analizira temeljne dokumente Europske unije o integraciji migranata te na temelju postojećih društvenoznanstvenih rasprava, posebice novijih socioloških koncepata i istraživanja ...društvenih procesa koji uključuju migrante, nastoji ponuditi relevantniji okvir za angažman institucija Europske unije u tim procesima. Autori analiziraju dosadašnje kritike europske integracijske politike nastale u okvirima društvenih znanosti te upućuju na relevantnost suvremenih socioloških koncepata i istraživanja procesa integracije migranata za formuliranje pragmatičnog pristupa Europske unije migrantskoj integraciji. »Nadraznolikost« (»superdiversity«), segmentirana integracija i jačanje transnacionalnih veza migranata pokazuju da je pretpostavljeno holističko integriranje migrantskih populacija u koliziji s društvenom stvarnosti višedimenzionalne prilagodbe migrantskih i nemigrantskih populacija etničkim, demografskim, ekonomskim, kulturnim i drugim promjenama u urbanom kontekstu suvremenih europskih društava. Autori zaključuju da umjesto standardiziranja mjera integracije za nacije-države na nadnacionalnom nivou, Europska unija valja ponuditi bitno pragmatičniji pristup integraciji migranata utemeljen na relevantnim spoznajama društvenih znanosti, ali i konkretnim »terenskim iskustvima« istraživača, praktičara, migrantskih organizacija i lokalnih vlasti.
Bolje
javne politike mogu voditi većem životnom standardu i povjerenju u javne institucije. Svrha ovog članka je pružiti konceptualni okvir ideje
donošenja javnih politika temeljem dokaza
kao ...polazišta pri odlučivanju o javnim politikama. Temeljni problem odlučivanja donositelja javnih politika je neizvjesnost o budućem učinku javne politike, a neizvjesnost je teorijski moguće analizirati tzv.
von Neumann-Morgenstern
teorijom korisnosti. U primjeni teorije korisnosti,
donošenje javnih politika temeljem dokaza
ima potencijal pospješiti odlučivanje. Člankom je opisana hijerarhija dokaza (razina 1, 2 i 3) o učinkovitosti javnih politika te su pruženi primjeri više evaluacija JP - dokaza
razine 1
u Republici Hrvatskoj. Nadalje, provedeno je anketno ispitivanje stručnjaka za javne financije o evaluaciji JP
u Republici Hrvatskoj i pružena su dva pronalaska,
prvo, praksa evaluacija JP je sporadična, i drugo, na preddiplomskoj, diplomskoj ili doktorskoj razini osam javnih sveučilišta, ekonomiste i politologe se ne poučava kolegij vezan uz mikroekonometrijske evaluacije JP (dokaz razina 1). Iskoraci u praksi evaluacije JP mogu voditi povećanju životnog standarda i povećanju povjerenja u javne institucije, međutim, da bi se to ostvarilo, prije svega treba postojati veća potražnja za evaluacijama, a zatim je potrebno i obrazovati stručnjake koji mogu proizvesti evaluacije JP prema međunarodnim standardima.
Better public policies can lead to a higher standard of living and trust in public institutions. The purpose of this article is to provide a conceptual framework for the idea of evidence-based policymaking. The fundamental problem of decision-making by policy officials is uncertainty about the future effect of public policy, and it is possible to analyze uncertainty with the so-called
von Neumann-Morgenstern
utility theory. In the application of utility theory, evidence-based policymaking has the potential to facilitate decision-making. The article describes the hierarchy of evidence (levels 1, 2 and 3) on the effectiveness of public policies and provides examples of policy evaluations - evidence level 1 in the Republic of Croatia. Furthermore, a survey of public finance experts on the topic of public policy evaluation is conducted in the Republic of Croatia. Two findings emerge, first, the practice of public policy evaluation is sporadic, and second, at the undergraduate, graduate or doctoral level of the eight public universities in Croatia, economists and political scientists are not taught microeconometric public policy evaluation (evidence level 1). Stronger emphasis on the practice of public policy evaluation has potential to lead to increased standard of living and trust in public institutions, however, in order to achieve this, stronger demand for evaluations is required, and then current and future experts should be trained on how to conduct public policy evaluations according to international standards.
Zbog nepostojanja odgovarajuće teorijsko-konceptualne podloge relevantna analiza institucionalnih odrednica hrvatske politike strukovnog obrazovanja zahtijeva razvoj zasebnog, prilagođenog ...eksplanatornog modela. Stoga autor, uz odgovarajuće modifikacije, koristi široko prihvaćen okvir političke ekonomije razvoja vještina za stvaranje kodne liste koju primjenjuje na sve normativne i strateško-programske dokumente koji su uređivali hrvatski sustav strukovnog obrazovanja od neovisnosti do danas. Rezultati kvalitativne analize ukazuju kako je postojeći sustav hrvatskog strukovnog obrazovanja moguće opisati kao „državni s elementima krnje kolektivnosti u području obrazovanja za obrte“; dok je ključni mehanizam njegova stvaranja i održavanja prikladno nazvati „slojevanjem bez promjene institucionalne jezgre”. Empirijsko testiranje ovog mehanizma može bitno produbiti razumijevanje hrvatske politike strukovnog obrazovanja, ali i predstavljati osnovu ambicioznijeg komparativnog istraživanja politike strukovnog obrazovanja u postkomunističkim društvima.
Izlazak iz jednine? Petak, Zdravko; Petković, Krešimir
Politička misao,
11/2022, Letnik:
59, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Cilj je ovoga rada prikazati i analizirati istraživanje javnih politika u kontekstu razvoja hrvatske politologije te odnos istraživanja javnih politika unutar političke znanosti s njihovim ...zahvaćanjem kroz druge znanosti i međudisciplinarna područja u Hrvatskoj. Nakon uvoda se u prvome dijelu rada određuju javne politike te se prikazuje razvoj teorijskog diskursa koji se formirao oko javnih politika kao racionalnog sklopa državne intervencije u društvo koji teži dobrom upravljanju. U drugome se dijelu analizira i tumači kontekstualno specifičan razvoj istraživanja javnih politika u okvirima hrvatske politologije. U trećem dijelu taj se razvoj dovodi u vezu s primjerima istraživanja i poučavanja javnih politika u drugim institucionalnim žarištima i disciplinarnim diskursima koji akademski zahvaćaju javne politike. U zaključku se ocjenjuje stanje istraživanja javnih politika te se skiciraju mogući budući pravci razvoja istraživanja i akademskog utjecanja na stvaranje javnih politika unutar i preko granica politologije. Naša je teza – ili, točnije, vrijednosno vođena projekcija – da javnim politikama kao teorijski i metodologijski konstituiranom predmetu istraživanja i politološkoj poddisciplini predstoji, kao praktičan izazov, snažnija međudisciplinarna suradnja izvan okvira političke znanosti u združenom rješavanju relevantnih javnih problema političke zajednice.
The aim of this paper is to present and analyze public policy research in the context of the development of Croatian political science, while also probing the relationship between public policy research within political science and its application through other sciences and interdisciplinary areas in Croatia. After the introduction, in the first part of the paper, the concept of public policy is delineated and the development of the theoretical discourse that was formed around public policies as a rational system of state intervention in society that strives for good governance is presented. In the second part, the context-specific development of public policy research within the framework of Croatian political science is analyzed and interpreted. In the third part, this development is linked to the examples of policy relevant research and teaching in other academic institutional foci and discourses that deal with public policies. In the conclusion, the current state of public policy research is evaluated and possible future directions of research development and academic influence on public policy making are outlined within and across the borders of political science. Our thesis – or, more precisely, a value-driven projection – is that in front of public policy as a theoretically and methodologically constituted subject of research and the political science sub-discipline, stronger interdisciplinary cooperation outside the framework of political science asserts itself as a major practical challenge ahead in the joint task of solving relevant public problems in the political community.