Od devedesetih godina 20. stoljeća učestala su sociološka istraživanja međugeneracijske transmisije kulturnog kapitala potaknuta Bourdieuovom teorijom kulturne reprodukcije. U njihovu je fokusu ...uglavnom bila analiza utjecaja roditeljskoga kulturnog kapitala na djecu školske dobi. Ovaj je rad problematizirao vezu roditeljskoga glazbenog kulturnog kapitala i glazbene socijalizacije dobne skupine koja je u dosadašnjim istraživanjima bila zanemarena – djece rane i predškolske dobi. Bourdieuova teza o trima oblicima kulturnog kapitala operacionalizirana je u području glazbe. Kao indikatori institucionaliziranoga glazbenog kulturnog kapitala roditelja korišteni su opće i glazbeno obrazovanje, utjelovljenoga glazbeni angažman roditelja i djece i roditeljske glazbene odgojne prakse, a objektiviranoga materijalni glazbeni resursi koje obitelj posjeduje i kojim se koriste u procesu glazbene socijalizacije. Istraživanje je provedeno 2013. godine metodom ankete na uzorku roditelja čija djeca pohađaju vrtić na području grada Rijeke (N = 342). Kod većine obitelji učestalo je prakticiranje glazbenih aktivnosti s djecom, posjedovanje glazbenih resursa koji te aktivnosti omogućuju, ali i vrlo ograničeno uključivanje djece u izvanvrtićke glazbene aktivnosti. Pronađene su razmjerno slabe veze roditeljskoga općeg i glazbenog obrazovanja s oblicima glazbenih odgojnih praksi i posjedovanja glazbenih materijalnih resursa. Na transmisiju glazbenog kapitala snažnije, ali još uvijek relativno slabo, utječu glazbeno obrazovanje roditelja i prošli ili sadašnji roditeljski glazbeni angažman od njihova općeg obrazovanja. Zaključno, glazbena socijalizacija djece te dobi nema, u burdijeovskom smislu, distinktivnu funkciju transmisije kulturnog kapitala, nego se zbiva u sklopu rodnog obrasca roditeljske brige za dijete rane i predškolske dobi, prema kojem je majka u svim dimenzijama (glazbene) socijalizacije angažiranija od oca.
Interactions between project creators and backers on the crowdfunding platform represent the linchpin of every campaign. However, the resulting internal social capital has received little academic ...attention. To address this topic, we frame how internal social capital can develop through project track record and how internal social capital can spill over to external online communities. Focusing on the long–term implications of these manifestations of social capital, we empirically assess whether they can increase funding success beyond a single campaign. We test our hypotheses with two data sets derived from platform and survey sources and find support for the proposed relationships.
Formålet med lærerspesialistordningen og utdanningen var å gi lærere faglige utviklingsmuligheter og å styrke det kollektive profesjonsfellesskapet. I denne artikkelen løfter vi frem hvordan ti ...lærerspesialiststudenter i kroppsøving reflekterer over profesjonsutvikling og profesjonsfellesskap. Empirien er studentenes eksamenstekster. Vi analyserer tekstene med utgangspunkt i Hargreaves og Fullans forståelse av sosial kapital.Studien viser hvordan informantene vektlegger profesjonsfellesskapet ved sin egen skole og lærerspesialiststudiet som sentralt for profesjonsutviklingen, men at de opplever ulik grad av støtte fra ledelsen og fagkollegaene på skolen. Flere av informantene savner bedre strukturer for å sikre kroppsøvingslærerne et refleksjonsfellesskap som kan bidra til profesjonsutvikling.Et hovedfunn er at lærerspesialiststudiet har blitt opplevd som et faglig utviklende refleksjonsfellesskap der nye faglige perspektiver ble tatt i bruk for å reflektere over problemstillinger knyttet til studentenes profesjonsutøvelse. Det kan ha bidratt til å styrke den samlede sosiale kapital knyttet til kroppsøving på den enkelte skole.
In this paper, we focus attention on serial crowdfunders, that is, entrepreneurs who repeatedly turn to crowdfunding to finance their projects. We argue that serial crowdfunders take advantage of the ...social contacts with those that backed their previous campaigns. This internal social capital developed within the platform, which is not available to “normal” serial entrepreneurs, makes serial crowdfunders’ campaigns more successful than those launched by novice crowdfunders. However, this type of social capital is a substitute for the internal social capital built by backing other campaigns, and has a limited lifespan. Econometric results on a sample of 31,389 Kickstarter campaigns confirm our contentions. Implications for research, practice, and policy are discussed.
Social capital theorists have shown that inequality arises in part because some people enjoy larger, more supportive, or otherwise more useful networks. But why do some people have better networks ...than others? This book argues that the answer lies less in people's deliberate “networking” than in the institutional conditions of the churches, colleges, firms, gyms, and other organizations in which they happen to participate routinely. This book introduces a model of social inequality that takes seriously the embeddedness of networks in formal organizations, proposing that what people gain from their connections depends on where those connections are formed and sustained. The model is illustrated and developed through a study of the experiences of mothers whose children were enrolled in New York City childcare centers. As a result of the routine practices and institutional conditions of the centers—from the structure of their parents' associations, to apparently innocuous rules such as pick‐up and drop‐off times—many of these mothers dramatically increased their social capital and measurably improved their wellbeing. Yet how much they gained depended on how their respective centers were organized. This book identifies the mechanisms through which childcare centers structured the networks of mothers, and shows that similar mechanisms operate in many other routine organizations, from beauty salons and bath houses to colleges and churches. The book makes a case for the importance of organizational embeddedness in the study of personal ties.
Artikkelen undersøker flyktningforeldres erfaringer i møte med norsk barnehage og baserer seg på semistrukturerte intervjuer med 12 foreldre, samt observasjonsmateriale fra hente- og ...bringesituasjoner i barnehagen. Følgende forskningsspørsmål er formulert: Hvordan opplever flyktningforeldre samarbeidet og møtet med barnehagen? Hvilke forhold i foreldresamarbeidet bidrar til tilhørighet og anerkjennelse? For å analysere funn fra studien anvendes Bourdieus (1995, 1996) teori om kulturell kapital, habitus og symbolsk makt, samt Berrys (1997, 2005) akkulturasjonsperspektiv. Funn fra studien diskuteres i lys av institusjonaliserte barnehagepraksiser, oppfatninger om foreldreskap, strukturelle og sosiale forhold, og endringsprosesser flyktninger gjennomgår i et nytt land og kultur. Funn viser at flyktningforeldrene opplever spenninger mellom gode erfaringer og usikkerhet i møte med barnehagen, og at manglende forståelse av kulturelle koder og språkbarrierer ser ut til å komplisere foreldresamarbeidet med barnehagen. I artikkelen argumenteres det for perspektiv om flytende integrasjon (Skrobanek & Jobst, 2019) som bedre egnet til å fange kulturell kompleksitet i flyktningers akkulturasjonsprosesser og de strukturerende samfunnsmessige mekanismer som former grupper og individers handlinger. For å bidra til økt anerkjennelse og tilhørighet i barnehagen, må barnehagepersonalet bevisstgjøres egne profesjonelle handlinger og utvikle mer fleksible og kultursensitive profesjonspraksiser i møte med flyktningforeldre. English abstract “We must do what Norwegians do, go hiking and stuff, and integrate”: Refugee parents’ experiences with ECEC The article examines refugee parents’ experiences in encounters with Norwegian kindergartens based on semi-structured routines with 12 parents, as well as observational material from pick-up and drop-off situations in the kindergarten. The following research question has been formulated: How do refugee parents perceive the cooperation and encounter with the kindergarten? What aspects of parental cooperation contribute to belonging and recognition? The findings are analysed using Bourdieu’s (1995, 1996) theory of cultural capital, habitus and symbolic power and Berry’s (1997, 2005) acculturation perspective. Findings from the study are discussed considering institutionalised ECE practices, perceptions of parenthood, structural and social conditions, and change processes refugees undergo in a new country and culture. Findings show that refugee parents experience tensions between good experiences and uncertainty in their encounters with ECE. A lack of understanding of the cultural codes and language barrier complicate parental cooperation with the kindergarten. The article argues for the perspective of fluid integration (Skrobanek & Jobst, 2019) as better suited to capturing cultural complexity in refugees’ acculturation processes and structuring social mechanisms that shape the actions of groups and individuals. To increase recognition and belonging in kindergartens, kindergarten staff must be aware of their professional practices and develop more flexible and culturally sensitive professional practices in their encounters with refugee parents.
This lecture focuses on the costs of public debt when safe interest rates are low. I develop four main arguments. First, I show that the current US situation, in which safe interest rates are ...expected to remain below growth rates for a long time, is more the historical norm than the exception. If the future is like the past, this implies that debt rollovers, that is the issuance of debt without a later increase in taxes, may well be feasible. Put bluntly, public debt may have no fiscal cost. Second, even in the absence of fiscal costs, public debt reduces capital accumulation, and may therefore have welfare costs. I show that welfare costs may be smaller than typically assumed. The reason is that the safe rate is the risk-adjusted rate of return to capital. If it is lower than the growth rate, it indicates that the risk-adjusted rate of return to capital is in fact low. The average risky rate however also plays a role. I show how both the average risky rate and the average safe rate determine welfare outcomes. Third, I look at the evidence on the average risky rate, i.e., the average marginal product of capital. While the measured rate of earnings has been and is still quite high, the evidence from asset markets suggests that the marginal product of capital may be lower, with the difference reflecting either mismeasurement of capital or rents. This matters for debt: the lower the marginal product, the lower the welfare cost of debt. Fourth, I discuss a number of arguments against high public debt, and in particular the existence of multiple equilibria where investors believe debt to be risky and, by requiring a risk premium, increase the fiscal burden and make debt effectively more risky. This is a very relevant argument, but it does not have straightforward implications for the appropriate level of debt. My purpose in the lecture is not to argue for more public debt, especially in the current political environment. It is to have a richer discussion of the costs of debt and of fiscal policy than is currently the case.
Germany is the largest economy in Europe and the leading renewable energy user comparable to none in the entire of the European continents. It is in reference to these developments that this study ...investigates whether the impacts of renewable energy have consolidated the economic growth prospects of the country. To ensure this, quarterly time series data from 1971Q1 to 2013QIV was used. The study employed the Clemente-Montanes-Reyes detrended structural break test, the Bayer-Hanck combined cointegration test and the ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration. In addition, the causality analysis was observed using VECM Granger causality framework. The results confirmed the existence of cointegration among the variables. The results show that renewable energy consumption in Germany consolidates the country's economic growth prospects to the extend that a 1% increase in renewable energy consumption boosts German economic growth by 0.2194%. In addition to that, a 1% increase in capital lead to the rise in economic growth by 1.1320%. While a 0.5125% increase in economic growth is due to 1% increase in labor productivity. The causality analysis on the other hand, revealed the existence of feedback effect between renewable energy consumption and economic growth. While the relationship between renewable energy consumption and capital is found to be bidirectional and same inference was found to exist between capital and economic growth. The study proposes solid mechanisms that will help in averting renewable energy market failure locally and internationally among others.
THE GLOBAL DECLINE OF THE LABOR SHARE Karabarbounis, Loukas; Neiman, Brent
The Quarterly journal of economics,
02/2014, Letnik:
129, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The stability of the labor share of income is a key foundation in macroeconomic models. We document, however, that the global labor share has significantly declined since the early 1980s, with the ...decline occurring within the large majority of countries and industries. We show that the decrease in the relative price of investment goods, often attributed to advances in information technology and the computer age, induced firms to shift away from labor and toward capital. The lower price of investment goods explains roughly half of the observed decline in the labor share, even when we allow for other mechanisms influencing factor shares, such as increasing profits, capital-augmenting technology growth, and the changing skill composition of the labor force. We highlight the implications of this explanation for welfare and macroeconomic dynamics.
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