Verdensorganisationen har skabt stadig stærkere fælles fodslag og er en nødvendig playmaker for den fælles indsats for at undgå farlige menneskabte temperaturændringer.
vast machine Edwards, Paul N
2010, 20100312, 2019-06-20
eBook, Book
Global warming skeptics often fall back on the argument that the scientific case for global warming is all model predictions, nothing but simulation; they warn us that we need to wait for real data, ..."sound science." In A Vast Machine Paul Edwards has news for these doubters: without models, there are no data. Today, no collection of signals or observations--even from satellites, which can "see" the whole planet with a single instrument--becomes global in time and space without passing through a series of data models. Everything we know about the world's climate we know through models. Edwards offers an engaging and innovative history of how scientists learned to understand the atmosphere--to measure it, trace its past, and model its future. Edwards argues that all our knowledge about climate change comes from three kinds of computer models: simulation models of weather and climate; reanalysis models, which recreate climate history from historical weather data; and data models, used to combine and adjust measurements from many different sources. Meteorology creates knowledge through an infrastructure (weather stations and other data platforms) that covers the whole world, making global data. This infrastructure generates information so vast in quantity and so diverse in quality and form that it can be understood only by computer analysis--making data global. Edwards describes the science behind the scientific consensus on climate change, arguing that over the years data and models have converged to create a stable, reliable, and trustworthy basis for the reality of global warming.
Results of the study revealed that when dust impinged on the surface of the PV modules, monthly maximum power output of a 1.5 kWp system in Perth, Australia and a 50 Wp system in Nusa Tenggara Timur ...(NTT), Indonesia decreased, on average, by about 4.5% and 8%, respectively. Economic modelling showed that, the cost of production per kWh lost due to dust exhibited by these systems were A$ 0.26/kWh and A$ 0.15/kWh, respectively. Comparison of the cost of energy losses and maintenance revealed that, the Perth system would require manual cleaning in October while the system in NTT would require cleaning in August and October. Although the saving in production losses is not economically significant, this cleaning schedule was recommended, particularly for small systems in NTT since the extra output can have a significant effect on the quality of life in remote villages. The key finding was that higher dust de-rating factors and more cleaning activity may be more appropriate for PV systems deployed in tropical climate areas than that in temperate climate regions. It is recommended that PV system Standards that use the 5% performance de-rating factor due to soiling are reviewed and consideration given to climate-dependent de-rating factors.
•Energy losses of a 1.5 kWp in Perth, Australia and a 50 Wp in NTT, Indonesia were 113.54 and 7.11 kWh/year, respectively.•Time to perform a manual cleaning was in October for the system in Perth, while in August and October for the system in NTT.•A higher dust de-rating factor is required for PV systems deployed in tropical climate areas.
A Multilevel Model of Employee Innovation Wallace, J. Craig; Butts, Marcus M.; Johnson, Paul D. ...
Journal of management,
05/2016, Letnik:
42, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Drawing from tenets of self-determination theory, we propose and test a multilevel model that examines the effects of employee involvement climate on the individual-level process linking employee ...regulatory focus (promotion and prevention) to innovation via thriving. Using data collected at three points in time from 346 participants in 75 groups, multilevel path analytic results demonstrated support for a positive indirect effect from promotion focus to innovation via thriving and a negative indirect effect from prevention focus to innovation via thriving. In addition, results showed a positive indirect effect from employee involvement climate to innovation via thriving. Perhaps most important, cross-level moderated mediation results demonstrated that employee involvement climate strengthens the relationship between promotion focus and thriving, which, in turn, positively relates to innovation. The theoretical and practical implications of these multilevel effects on innovation are discussed.
Die sozialökologische Transformation ist in aller Munde. Dies gilt sowohl für die politischen Debatten wie auch für die Wissenschaft. Dabei wird zunehmend deutlich: Multiple Krisen lassen sich nicht ...mehr nur mit Hilfe schrittweiser (Umwelt-)Politiken lösen, sondern es sind strukturelle Veränderungen notwendig. Die Beiträger*innen des Bandes arbeiten Gerechtigkeitsfragen und die gesellschaftspolitische Brisanz ökologischer Verteilungskonflikte im Kontext der Transformation heraus. Durch ihre Analysen unter Bezugnahme auf unterschiedliche Dimensionen von Umweltgerechtigkeit machen sie diese greifbar und liefern Kontextwissen für eine längst überfällige Diskussion.
A comprehensive review of dryland climates and their relationship to the physical environment, hydrology, and inhabitants. Chapters are divided into five major sections on background meteorology and ...climatology; the nature of dryland climates in relation to precipitation and hydrology; the climatology and climate dynamics of the major dryland regions on each continent; and life and change in the world's drylands. It includes key topics such as vegetation, geomorphology, desertification, micro-habitats, and adaptation to dryland environments. This interdisciplinary volume provides an extensive review of the primary literature (covering nearly 2000 references) and the conventional and satellite datasets that form key research tools for dryland climatology. Illustrated with over 300 author photographs, it presents a unique view of dryland climates for a broad spectrum of researchers, environmental professionals and advanced students in climatology, meteorology, geography, environment science, earth system science, ecology, hydrology and geomorphology.
•PCM can effectively reduce building cooling load in tropical climate.•Selection of phase change temperature, location, thickness, and enthalpy curve of PCM is critical.•Optimum phase change ...temperature is influenced by location, thickness, and enthalpy curve of PCM.•Recommendation on the optimized use of PCM in tropical climate is provided.
Phase change materials (PCMs) are capable to absorb massive heat during a phase transition in a narrow temperature range, which have great potential to be incorporated into building envelopes to prevent heat penetration into buildings and reduce cooling loads. The efficiency and selection of PCMs, however, are highly subject to the climate where they are applied. This study focused on the energy performance of building envelopes integrated with PCMs for cooling load reduction in tropical climate through numerical simulations. Studies were carried out to reveal the efficacy and factors that govern the performance of the PCM addition for cooling load reduction in Singapore. The results showed that PCM can effectively reduce heat gains through building envelopes throughout the whole year, indicating the significant advantage of the use of PCMs in tropics over other regions where PCMs are only effective in certain seasons. The selection of PCM with suitable phase change temperature is critical. PCMs applied to the exterior surfaces of walls showed better performance and the optimum phase change temperature is the lowest temperature allowing the full melting–solidification cycle of the entire PCM layer. A larger phase change temperature range improves the adaptivity of the PCMs to temperature variations, but may compromise the largest energy savings that the PCMs can achieve. While thicker PCM layer reduces heat gains through building envelope, thinner PCM layer shows higher efficiency and cost benefits.
PDF
