Pričujoči članek obravnava vpliv dramske klime, v kateri se prepletajo zunanje in notranje okoliščine dramskega dogajanja, na odločitve, sodbe in ravnanja dramskih likov. To ponazarjava s primeroma ...iz Antigone in Trahink. V vzdušju povojnih Teb Ismena omahuje med strahom pred kaznijo in strahom pred božanskim srdom zaradi nepokopa Polinejka. Prav tako lahko vpliv dramske klime opazimo v Kreontovi spremembi odločitve glede Ismenine obsodbe na smrt. Posebno pozornost v članku dobi tudi zahtevno vprašanje atribucije verzov v Antigoni 572, 574 in 576, ki pomembno vpliva na razumevanje psihologije junakov. Druga obravnavana junakinja, Dejanejra, strahoma pričakuje prerokovano odločitev Heraklove usode v Trahini, na robu civilizacije. S spoznanjem resnice o Ioli se Dejanejrina psihološka napetost zaostri do skrajnosti in po premisleku, ki zori v njej v zaodrski tišini med prvim in drugim dejanjem, se odloči za usodno dejanje.
Atmospheric aerosols and their effect on clouds are thought to be important for anthropogenic radiative forcing of the climate, yet remain poorly understood. Globally, around half of cloud ...condensation nuclei originate from nucleation of atmospheric vapours. It is thought that sulfuric acid is essential to initiate most particle formation in the atmosphere, and that ions have a relatively minor role. Some laboratory studies, however, have reported organic particle formation without the intentional addition of sulfuric acid, although contamination could not be excluded. Here we present evidence for the formation of aerosol particles from highly oxidized biogenic vapours in the absence of sulfuric acid in a large chamber under atmospheric conditions. The highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs) are produced by ozonolysis of α-pinene. We find that ions from Galactic cosmic rays increase the nucleation rate by one to two orders of magnitude compared with neutral nucleation. Our experimental findings are supported by quantum chemical calculations of the cluster binding energies of representative HOMs. Ion-induced nucleation of pure organic particles constitutes a potentially widespread source of aerosol particles in terrestrial environments with low sulfuric acid pollution.
The member countries of Southeast Asia have renewable energy sources that never run out like solar energy, wind, geothermal, hydropower, biomass, etc. Geographically, Southeast Asian countries are ...between two continents that have tropical and humid climate conditions in general, while only Myanmar has a subtropical climate because it is astronomically. This provides easier access to many renewable energy sources. The governments of ASEAN member countries have made several policies and promoted renewable energy to encourage individuals and industries to use renewable energy in the future. This study provides information on the status of renewable energy as a comprehensive substitute for fossils in Southeast Asian countries, which includes the potential for renewable energy in the region and the capacity of renewable energy currently available. The study also provides brief information on the potential of renewable energy, renewable energy targets, and challenges to energy demand in Southeast Asia. In addition, this paper provides several recommendations for renewable energy in Southeast Asian countries.
Comprehensive assessments on the reliability of remotely sensed soil moisture products are undeniably essential for their advancement and application. With the establishment of extensive dense ...networks across the globe, mismatches between satellite footprints and ground single-point observations can be feasibly relieved. In this study, five remotely sensed soil moisture products, namely, the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP), two Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) products, the Land Parameter Retrieval Model (LPRM) Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) and the European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI), were systematically investigated by utilizing in-situ soil moisture observations from global dense and sparse networks. Distinguished from previous studies, several perturbing factors comprising the surface temperature, vegetation optical depth (VOD), surface roughness and spatial heterogeneity were taken into account in this investigation. Furthermore, products' skills under various climate regions were also evaluated.
Through the results, the SMAP product captures temporal trends of ground soil moisture, exhibiting an averaged R of 0.729, whereas for overall accuracy, ESA CCI outperformed other products with a slightly smaller ubRMSE of 0.041 m3 m−3 and a bias of −0.005 m3 m−3. This complementarity between SMAP and ESA CCI was further demonstrated under different climate conditions and can afford the reference of their integration for a more reliable global soil moisture product. Though some underestimations still exist, the newly developed SMOS- INRA-CESBIO (SMOS-IC) was illustrated to gain considerable upgrades with regard to R and ubRMSE compared to SMOS-L3 product, especially in dense VOD conditions achieving the highest R compared to other products.
Generally, the underestimations of the European Centre for Medium-Range-Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) surface temperature used for SMOS under moderate or high VOD, heterogeneity, and most surface roughness conditions were consistent with the underestimations of the soil moisture product and provide the directions of product promotions. As for LPRM surface temperature, the worse skills can partially explain the unsatisfactory performances for LPRM soil moisture products. In spite of relatively acceptable skills of SMAP and SMOS-IC soil moisture products concerning R under moderate or dense VOD, small surface roughness, low heterogeneity conditions and temperate and cold climate types, advances in soil moisture products under high or even slightly low VOD, high roughness or topography complexity and heterogeneity, as well as in tropical or desert regions, remain challenging. It is expected that these findings can contribute to algorithm refinements, product enhancements (e.g., fusion and disaggregation) and hydrometeorological usages.
•The impacts of perturbing factors, heterogeneity and climate types were assessed.•SMOS-IC showed better performance concerning R and ubRMSE.•The complementarity between SMAP and ESA CCI was observed.•The underestimation of SMOS surface temperature contributed to the dry bias in SMOS soil moisture products.
This study presents the outdoor performance of five solar photovoltaic (PV) systems with five different solar cell technologies (poly-crystalline (pc-Si)), mono-crystalline (mc-Si), Copper Indium ...disulfide (CIS) thin-film, Amorphous Silicon (a-Si), and Heterojunction Incorporating thin (HIT) film.
The PV systems are installed on rooftop of buildings at the Kwame Nkrumah University Science and Technology, Ghana. The systems' energy output in 2014, module temperature as well as environmental data were collected and analysed.
The total annual energy delivered to the grid varies between 3133.2 kWh for CIS and 4572.1 kWh for pc-Si while the performance ratio varies from 48.84% (CIS) to 71.26% (for p-Si). The annual energy density ranges between 45.7 kWh/m2 for CIS and 195.8 kWh/m2 for HIT. The total actual energy delivered to the grid by all the systems in 2014 is 20.62 MWh.
The performance data shows, that, the CIS technology is least suitable while p-Si is the most suitable solar PV technology for the site considered, followed by a-Si, HIT and mc-Si respectively. If space is a constraint, then, the HIT based system is most suitable solar PV technology for this site and potentially, sites with similar climate.
The findings from this study are useful in identifying solar cell technologies that are appropriate for this location and provide useful information to policy makers and individuals about the performance of grid-tied PV system in Ghana.
•Influence of WWR, wall reflectance, and window orientation on daylight metrics in the tropics.•A simple multi-objective optimisation approach was proposed by pairing the results.•Optimum solutions ...in all Pareto frontiers were filtered against the criteria and were ranked.•Three optimum solutions were found, all with south window orientation.•The approach enables to observe inter-relationship between the performance indicators.
Design optimisation problems of window size and façade orientation in buildings have been investigated many times, with regard to energy and comfort criteria. To indicate daylight availability in indoor spaces, a number of daylight metrics have been proposed, but those metrics are not always fully accounted in the optimisation process. Also, most studies were conducted for locations with high latitude, where the sun is located most of the time either at the south or at the north part of the sky hemisphere, which is not the case in the tropics. Therefore, this article presents a simulation study to investigate the influence of window-to-wall ratio (WWR), wall reflectance, and window orientation on various daylight metrics and lighting energy demand in simple buildings located in the tropical climate. A simple approach for the multi-objective optimisation was proposed by classifying the results in six pairs of two different performance indicators. Solutions in all Pareto frontiers were filtered against the defined target criteria, and were accepted into the optimum solution space if they belong to at least 4 out of 6 Pareto frontiers, and were ranked either in the order of their mean distance to the utopia points, or in the order of number of times they belong to a Pareto frontier. Three optimum solutions are found, all of which belong to four Pareto frontiers. The most optimum solution with the least mean distance to the utopia points is the combination of WWR 30%, wall reflectance of 0.8, and south orientation. The proposed approach enables one to observe the inter-relationship between the involved performance indicators, while providing a possibility to visualise the boundaries of the solution space.
Ökosoziale Transformation ist in aller Munde, aber wie können Praktiker*innen im sozialen Bereich auf eine gerechte und inklusive Weise dazu beitragen? Die in diesem Sammelband vorgestellten Beiträge ...legen nahe, dass Räume, Praktiken und Didaktiken der Transformation dekolonisiert werden müssen, um den gegenwärtigen Status quo in Richtung einer gerechten und regenerativen planetarischen Zukunft zu verändern. Die hier versammelten Stimmen aus der Praxis zeigen, zeigen, dass dies möglich ist und leisten bereits jetzt in der Praxis dekolonisierende Transformationsarbeit. Wir bringen Praktiker*innen zusammen, die das vielfältige Spektrum sozialer Positionierungen widerspiegeln: – Schwarze, People of Color, Migrant*innen und weiß, queer und cisgender, älter und jünger, bildungsprivilegiert und von Klassismus betroffen. Gemeinsam präsentieren sie eine Vielzahl globaler Stimmen und Ansichten darüber, wie dekolonisierende Ansätze zur ökosozialen Transformation in einem vielfältigen Europa heute aussehen. Die Autor*innen dieses Buches laden deshalb auf eine Reise ein zu Zugängen und Praktiken, die die Grundlagen schaffen, um innere und äußere Transformation für eine gerechte Welt zu ermöglichen. Der Sammelband richtet sich an Praktiker*innen, Fachkräfte und Studierende im sozialen und pädagogischen Bereich und an Menschen in Deutschland, die sich selbst als migrantisch, BIPoC, FLINTA* oder queer positionieren und ihre Verbündeten sind, um gemeinsam antirassistische, diversitätskritische und post-humanistische Zugänge in den Praktiken der ökosozialen Transformation Realität werden zu lassen.
The Southern Westerly Winds (SWW) are the surface expression of geostrophic winds that encircle the southern mid-latitudes. In conjunction with the Southern Ocean, they establish a coupled system ...that not only controls climate in the southern third of the world, but is also closely connected to the position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and CO
degassing from the deep ocean. Paradoxically, little is known about their behavior since the last ice age and relationships with mid-latitude glacier history and tropical climate variability. Here we present a lake sediment record from Chilean Patagonia (51°S) that reveals fluctuations of the low-level SWW at mid-latitudes, including strong westerlies during the Antarctic Cold Reversal, anomalously low intensity during the early Holocene, which was unfavorable for glacier growth, and strong SWW since ~7.5 ka. We detect nine positive Southern Annular Mode-like events at centennial timescale since ~5.8 ka that alternate with cold/wet intervals favorable for glacier expansions (Neoglaciations) in southern Patagonia. The correspondence of key features of mid-latitude atmospheric circulation with shifts in tropical climate since ~10 ka suggests that coherent climatic shifts in these regions have driven climate change in vast sectors of the Southern Hemisphere at centennial and millennial timescales.
A rapidly growing body of research applies panel methods to examine how temperature, precipitation, and windstorms influence economic outcomes. These studies focus on changes in weather realizations ...over time within a given spatial area and demonstrate impacts on agricultural output, industrial output, labor productivity, energy demand, health, conflict, and economic growth, among other outcomes. By harnessing exogenous variation over time within a given spatial unit, these studies help credibly identify (i) the breadth of channels linking weather and the economy, (ii) heterogeneous treatment effects across different types of locations, and (iii) nonlinear effects of weather variables. This paper reviews the new literature with two purposes. First, we summarize recent work, providing a guide to its methodologies, datasets, and findings. Second, we consider applications of the new literature, including insights for the "damage function" within models that seek to assess the potential economic effects of future climate change.
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