Long-term observations of air, near-surface (soil) and ground temperatures, collected between 1994 and 2011, monitored in the Geothermal Climate Change Observatory at Spořilov, Prague (GCCO) are ...analyzed to better understand the relationship between these quantities and to describe the mechanism of heat transport at the land-atmosphere boundary layer. The 17 years long monitoring series provided a surprisingly small mean ground-air temperature offset of only 0.31 K with no clear annual course and with the offset value changing irregularly even on a daily scale. Such value is substantially lower than similar values (1–2 K and more) found elsewhere, but it may be well characteristic for a mild temperate zones, when all so far available information referred rather to more southern locations. As many other observed geophysical data, temperature time series consist of a systematic pattern (usually a set of identifiable components) contaminated by random noise, which makes the identification of the proper pattern difficult. To identify the existing systematic patterns (cycles) of the temperature-time series at several depth levels in the investigated depth interval 0–40 m, the observed data were processed with the help of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and Recurrence Quantification Interval (RQI) analysis. The latter represents recently developed powerful technique to uncover hidden periodicities in a noisy time environment. At low frequency band the RQI may provide far finer resolution than the conventional FFT technique. The results proved considerable similarity for all investigated depth levels. In addition to the annual wave all measured series proved to have a more complex pattern including predominantly 8-year and 11 years long periodicities. The results were compared with similar analysis of the meteorological air temperature series as well as with the results of other similar studies. The potential dynamics explaining the occurrence of the 8-year wave is briefly discussed.
This study is focused on the changing of areas of water bodies in selected villages of the Pilsen Region (Czechia). We researched several different types of rural settlements and three time horizons ...with the help of old maps, orthophoto maps and GIS tools. To capture the influence of their location within the urban system, we chose 15 places from four categories (inner suburban area, outside suburban area, rural area, periphery rural area) depending on their distance to the core of the Pilsen agglomeration. There is no significant change in the amount of water bodies between the first reference period (1838-1839) and the second period (1957-1963) in the selected settlements. However, the third period (2013-2015) is characterized by the emergence of a large number of small water bodies - swimming pools and garden ponds. Based on the results of our research we identified the declining importance of public water bodies in some of the settlements. However, we have identified a notable prevalence of garden ponds which have a more positive ecological impact than pools. The proportion of private water bodies (covered and uncovered pools and garden ponds) in the total area of water bodies in the rural settlements in most cases is less than 20%, in the suburban settlements up to 100%. Peripheral settlements have a below-average share of these water bodies. The difference between the number of pools in different settlements is related to the proportion of newly built houses there. Although there are relatively fewer pools in rural settlements, the difference compared to the situation in suburban settlements is not pronounced due to the change in lifestyle in rural areas and the change in functions of some villages to recreational areas. Influence of pools on water consumption is dependent on the individual exchange technology of water in swimming pools. Filling of the pool before the season can overload the capacity of the local water supply.
Studie je zaměřena na změny vodních ploch ve vybraných sídlech Plzeňského kraje (Česko). Zkoumali jsme různé typy venkovských sídel a tři časová období s pomocí historických map, ortofotomap a nástrojů GIS. Abychom mohli diskutovat vliv polohy v rámci sídelního systému, vybrali jsme 15 sídel ze čtyř kategorií území (vnitřní suburbánní, vnější suburbánní, venkovské, venkovské periferní) podle vztahu k jádru plzeňské aglomerace. Mezi prvním sledovaným obdobím (1838-1839) a druhým obdobím (1957-1963) není významná změna vodních ploch ve vybraných sídlech. Třetí období, zachycující aktuální stav (2013-2015), se ovšem vyznačuje vznikem velkého počtu drobných vodních ploch - zahradních bazénů a jezírek. Na základě našeho šetření byl v některých sídlech identifikován upadající význam veřejných vodních ploch. Zajímavý je podíl rozlohy zahradních jezírek v některých sídlech, kde mají větší ekologický význam než vodní plochy bazénů. Podíl vodních ploch zahrad (krytých i nekrytých bazénů a jezírek) na celkové rozloze vodních ploch intravilánu venkovských sídel je ve většině případů menší než 20%, v suburbánních sídlech až 100%. Podprůměrný podíl těchto nových vodních ploch vykazují sídla periferní oblasti. Rozdíl mezi počtem bazénů v jednotlivých sídlech souvisí s podílem nově vybudovaných domů. Ve vesnických sídlech je sice nižší relativní počet bazénů, ovšem vlivem změny životního stylu na venkově a rekreační funkce některých vesnic, není rozdíl oproti suburbánním sídlům výrazný. Vliv bazénů na spotřebu vody je závislý na individuální technologii výměny vody v bazénech. Rozhodující položkou je napouštění vody do bazénu před začátkem sezóny, což může přetěžovat kapacitu místního vodovodu.
The organic farming shows growth trend all over the world. It became an integral part of the agricultural production not only in the developed countries, but also in the so called Third World ...countries. In the latter countries, the organic farming develops mainly in connection with the fair trade projects. The share of the organic farming in the agricultural land is in many countries above 10%, including the Central and Eastern European countries. The Czech Republic actively supports the organic production. The share of the Czech organic farming in the agricultural land has overpassed 11.5%. The paper deals with organic production in the South Bohemian Region. The aim is to determine main changes in the structure of the organic production in the period 2008-2011, specifically in connection with the changes in the subsidy policy. The increase of individual organically farmed areas correlates positively with the increase of subsidies set up within the Programme of rural development 2007-2013. At the same time, it is obvious that those subsidies affect the diversity of the agricultural crops. Keywords: animal production, organic farming, plant production, policy of subsidies, South Bohemian Region. Ekologicke zemedelstvi vykazuje celosvetove rustovy trend. Stalo se organickou soucasti agrarni produkce nejenom ve vyspelych zemich, ale i v zemich tzv. tretiho svrta. Zde se pak rozviji hlavne ve spojeni s projekty fair trade. Take EU podporuje tuto oblast alternativni agroenvironmentalni produkce. V mnoha zemich se podil ekologickeho zemedelstvi na zemedelske pude pohybuje nad 10% a to vcetne zemi byvaleho vychodniho bloku. CR aktivne podporuje ekologickou produkci. Jeji podil na zemedelske pude jiz presahl 11,5%. Predmetem vyzkumu je bioprodukce v jihoceskem regionu, cilem pak vymezeni zakladnich zmen v jeji strukture v obdobi let 2008-2011, a to konkretne ve vazbe na zmeny v dotacni podpore. Rozsireni jednotlivych ekologicky obhospodarovanych ploch pozitivne koreluje s navysenim dotaci v ramci Programu rozvoje venkova 2007-2013. Zaroven soucasne dotace do EZ ovlivnuji diverzitu zemedelskych plodin. Klicova slova: dotacni politika, ekologicke zemedelstvi, Jihocesky kraj, rostlinna produkce, zivocisna produkce. The approaches of environmental-friendly agriculture are emerging already since almost one century ago. Several policy instruments have been developed to encourage growth in organic production and consumption, ranging from direct approaches promoting conversion to organic and marketing arrangements, to indirect means such as promoting extension services and research. Many reasons for adoption of organic farming by farmers were revealed in scientific literature. Those are for instance decreasing output prices of conventional products and increasing subsidies to the organic farming. In many countries, the development of organic farming unambiguously correlates with the past policy orientation. Support payments play an important role in the profitability of organic farms. Organic agriculture is one of the fastest growing sectors of Czech agricultural production. Even the Czech organic food market showed big annual growths. The organically farming enterprises seem to have a better economic performance than those who use conventional way, however, the crucial aspect of that fact is the role of subsidies. It is also necessary to add that the organic way of farming exists in the Czech Republic not only thanks to the public subsidies but also thanks to the specific value orientation of farmers, which is present in spite of the different history and a lack of tradition of the organic way of farming in this country. Nowadays, the Czech Republic belongs to the 10 countries with the highest shares of organic agricultural land in the world. The aim of the paper is to determine main changes in the structure of the organic production in the period 2008-2011, specifically in connection with the changes in the subsidy policy of the system of the organic farming within the agroenvironmental measures of the state. Analysis of the data from the database of the Institute of Agricultural Economics and Informations confirmed the development of the organic farming in the South Bohemian Region from 2008 to 2011. Both the growth of the number of the organic farmers and the increase of the agricultural land involved in the organic farming were recorded. The area of all types (i.e. arable land, permanent crops and permanent grasslands) increased got larger, however, the intensity of the changes was different. The higher proportional increased was recorded in case of the areas with a minimal land area (vegetables and permanent crops). The absolutely highest increased concerned the grasslands. Also the areas in the stage of conversion are increasing, which is a guarantee for the future increase of the certified organic production. A potential influence of the change in subsidies on the changes of the structure of sown or planted areas in the years 2008-2011 was explored by means of the Mann-Whitney U test. The result of this test ascertained a difference in the change of the totally sown or planted areas in the years 2008-2011 between the group of commodities with a low increase and the group of the high increase of the subsidies (adjusted z-2,05; p = 0,040). The increase of the particular organically farmed areas positively correlates then with the increase of the subsidies that were set in connection of the Rural development programme 2007-2013. The degree of the increase of particular planted areas corresponds to certain extent with the increase of the financial support of organic farming in case of particular crops.
Prostor Gorskoga kotara bio je u povijesti prostor raznih migracijskih procesa koji su utjecali na etničke karakteristike toga područja. Upravo su ti procesi razlog današnjega heterogenog sastava ...stanovništva. Čabarski kraj nije bio iznimka, te su u povijesti zabilježena doseljavanja stanovnika iz svih dijelova Habsburške Monarhije. Osobito je intenzivno bilo doseljavanje stanovništva u krajeve bliže Kupi i Čabranki. Razloge doseljavanja stanovništva i intenzitet njihova dolaska može se pratiti po zapisima u knjigama Status animarum (hrv. Stanje duša, slov. Družinske knjige). U knjigama Stanje duša zabilježeni su razlozi dolaska ili odlazaka pojedinaca, ali i cijelih obitelji. Na temelju tih podataka mogu se izvući uopćeni zaključci za određeni geografski prostor i određeno političko-povijesno razdoblje, što je relevantna i vjerodostojna podloga za teorijska promišljanja i komparativnu analizu. Na taj način povijest određenoga kraja postaje povijest njegovih stanovnika, kako onih trajno naseljenih tako i doseljenih. U radu se razmatraju podaci o doseljavanju stanovništva na prostor Čabarskoga kraja, s naglaskom na doseljavanje stanovništva iz današnjih slovenskih krajeva u 19. i 20. stoljeću. Podaci dobiveni iz knjiga Stanje duša, koje potječu iz župa Čabarskoga kraja, upućuju na doseljavanje stanovništva, što dokumentira postojanje migracija iz slovenskih krajeva prema današnjim hrvatskim područjima, ali i obratno. Izneseni zaključci nadopunjeni su i ilustrirani podacima iz knjiga Status animarum koji potječu iz slovenskih župa Babno Polje i Jelšane te onima iz matičnih knjiga učenika osnovnih škola u Prezidu i Čabru.
Razlog današnjega heterogenog sastava stanovništva Gorskoga kotara potrebno je tražiti u različitim migracijskim procesima. Izuzetak u tim procesima nisu bili ni Središnji kraj ni Kupska dolina, te ...je kroz povijest zabilježeno doseljavanje stanovništva iz različitih dijelova nekadašnje Habsburške Monarhije. Razloge doseljavanja stanovništva i intenzitet njihova dolaska može se pratiti po zapisima u knjigama Stanje duša, gdje su zabilježeni razlozi dolaska ili odlaska pojedinaca, ali i cijelih obitelji. Na te-melju tih podataka mogu se izvući uopćeni zaključci za određeni geografski prostor i političko-povijesno razdoblje. U radu se razmatraju podaci o doseljavanju stanovništva u Središnji kraj i Kupsku dolinu, s naglaskom na doseljavanje stanovništva iz današnjih slovenskih krajeva od sredine 19. do sredine 20. stoljeća. Podaci dobiveni iz knjiga Stanje duša iz župa Središnjega kraja i Kupske doline upućuju na doseljavanje stanovništva, što dokumentira postojanje migracija iz slovenskih krajeva prema današnjim hrvatskim područjima, ali i obratno. Izneseni zaključci nadopunjeni su i ilustrirani podacima iz matica učenika osnov-nih škola u Brodu Moravicama, Brodu na Kupi, Crnom Lugu, Delnicama, Divjakama, Fužinama, Lokvama, Skradu, Razlogama i Vrbovskom.
Attached addition: Posener Genossenschaftsblatt: Mitteilungen des Verbandes deutscher Genossenschaften in Posen: Beilage zum Wochenblatt der Landesbauernschaft Wartheland
PAN Kórnik Library
Dołączony ...dodatek: Posener Genossenschaftsblatt: Mitteilungen des Verbandes deutscher Genossenschaften in Posen: Beilage zum Wochenblatt der Landesbauernschaft Wartheland
PAN Biblioteka Kórnicka
Dołączony dodatek: Posener Genossenschaftsblatt: Mitteilungen des Verbandes deutscher Genossenschaften in Posen: Beilage zum Wochenblatt der Landesbauernschaft Wartheland
PAN Biblioteka Kórnicka
...Attached addition: Posener Genossenschaftsblatt: Mitteilungen des Verbandes deutscher Genossenschaften in Posen: Beilage zum Wochenblatt der Landesbauernschaft Wartheland
PAN Kórnik Library
U ovom je radu analizirana promjena veličine uzoraka krajolika ogulinskog kraja
gdje je depopulacija prisutna dugo godina. Pri tome je utvrđivanje promjene veličine
uzoraka krajolika provedeno na ...razini tipova krajolika i ogulinskog kraja u cjelini, a za
uspostavu tipova krajolika korišten je pristup koji se temelji na zemljišnom pokrovu /
načinu korištenja zemljišta i korištene su baze podataka Corine Land Cover iz 1980.
i 2018. godine. U svrhu utvrđivanja demografskih trendova korišteni su podatci svih
popisa stanovništva u razdoblju od sredine 20. stoljeća. Prostorne analize s navedenim
podatcima potpomognute su uporabom geografskoga informacijskog programa ArcGIS
10.0. Rezultati su pokazali da se u razdoblju od sredine 20. stoljeća broj stanovnika
ogulinskog kraja prepolovio i da je od sedamdesetih godina depopulacija kontinuirano
prisutna u svim jedinicama lokalne samouprave. Na naseljskoj razini je u razdoblju od
sredine 20. stoljeća utvrđen višestruki pad broja stanovnika kod većine naselja, a samo
je kod njih nekoliko (osam naselja) utvrđen porast, a u tijekom posljednjih četrdesetak
godina (1981. – 2021.) je samo kod dvaju naselja zabilježen porast. U promatranom
je razdoblju (1980. – 2018.) povećana prosječna veličina uzoraka kod tipova krajolika Izgrađeno zemljište i Vodene površine, a smanjena prosječna veličina uzoraka
kod ostalih tipova krajolika (Poljoprivredno zemljište, Travnato zemljište, Šumsko
zemljište i Grmlje / sukcesija šume), kao i za područje ogulinskog kraja u cjelini. U
radu se došlo do zaključka kako postoji povezanost povećanja površine tipova krajolika
i prosječne veličine uzoraka krajolika kod tipova Izgrađeno zemljište i Vodene površine, odnosno do smanjenja površine tipova krajolika i prosječne veličine uzoraka krajolika kod tipova Travnato zemljište, Šumsko zemljište i Grmlje / sukcesija šume.
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