Human lactation has evolved to produce a milk composition that is uniquely-designed for the human infant. Not only does human milk optimize infant growth and development, it also provides protection ...from infection and disease. More recently, the importance of human milk and breastfeeding in the programming of infant health has risen to the fore. Anchoring of infant feeding in the developmental origins of health and disease has led to a resurgence of research focused in this area. Milk composition is highly variable both between and within mothers. Indeed the distinct maternal human milk signature, including its own microbiome, is influenced by environmental factors, such as diet, health, body composition and geographic residence. An understanding of these changes will lead to unravelling the adaptation of milk to the environment and its impact on the infant. In terms of the promotion of breastfeeding, health economics and epidemiology is instrumental in shaping public health policy and identifying barriers to breastfeeding. Further, basic research is imperative in order to design evidence-based interventions to improve both breastfeeding duration and women’s breastfeeding experience.
Rumen-protected glucose (RPG) plays an important role in alleviating the negative energy balance of dairy cows. This study used a combination of rumen microbes 16S and metabolomics to elucidate the ...changes of rumen microbial composition and rumen metabolites of different doses of RPG's rumen degradation part in early-lactation dairy cows. Twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows in early lactation were randomly allocated to control (CON), low-RPG (LRPG), medium-RPG (MRPG), or high-RPG (HRPG) groups in a randomized block design. The cows were fed a basal total mixed ration diet with 0, 200, 350, and 500 g of RPG per cow per day, respectively. Rumen fluid samples were analyzed using Illumina MiSeq sequencing and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. MRPG supplementation increased bacterial richness and diversity, including increasing the relative abundance of cellulolytic bacteria, such as
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MRPG significantly increased the concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total volatile fatty acid in the rumen. Ruminal fluid metabolomics analysis showed that RPG supplementation could significantly regulate the synthesis of amino acids digested by protozoa in the rumen. Correlation analysis of the ruminal microbiome and metabolome revealed some potential relationships between major bacterial abundance and metabolite concentrations. Our analysis found that RPG supplementation of different doses can change the diversity of microorganisms in the rumen and affect the rumen fermentation pattern and microbial metabolism and that a daily supplement of 350 g of RPG might be the ideal dose.
Dairy cows in early lactation are prone to a negative energy balance because their dry matter intake cannot meet the energy requirements of lactation. Rumen-protected glucose is used as an effective feed additive to alleviate the negative energy balance of dairy cows in early lactation. However, one thing that is overlooked is that people often think that rumen-protected glucose is not degraded in the rumen, thus ignoring its impact on the microorganisms in the rumen environment. Our investigation and previous experiments have found that rumen-protected glucose is partially degraded in the rumen. However, there are few reports on this subject. Therefore, we conducted research on this problem and found that rumen-protected glucose supplementation at 350 g/day can promote the development and metabolism of rumen flora. This provides a theoretical basis for the extensive application of rumen bypass glucose at a later stage.
Lactation is extremely important for dairy cows; however, the understanding of the underlying metabolic mechanisms is very limited. This study was conducted to investigate the inherent metabolic ...patterns during lactation using the overall biofluid metabolomics and the metabolic differences from non-lactation periods, as determined using partial tissue-metabolomics. We analyzed the metabolomic profiles of four biofluids (rumen fluid, serum, milk and urine) and their relationships in six mid-lactation Holstein cows and compared their mammary gland (MG) metabolomic profiles with those of six non-lactating cows by using gas chromatography-time of flight/mass spectrometry.
In total, 33 metabolites were shared among the four biofluids, and 274 metabolites were identified in the MG tissues. The sub-clusters of the hierarchical clustering analysis revealed that the rumen fluid and serum metabolomics profiles were grouped together and highly correlated but were separate from those for milk. Urine had the most different profile compared to the other three biofluids. Creatine was identified as the most different metabolite among the four biofluids (VIP = 1.537). Five metabolic pathways, including gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism, the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), glycerolipid metabolism, and aspartate metabolism, showed the most functional enrichment among the four biofluids (false discovery rate < 0.05, fold enrichment >2). Clear discriminations were observed in the MG metabolomics profiles between the lactating and non-lactating cows, with 54 metabolites having a significantly higher abundance (P < 0.05, VIP > 1) in the lactation group. Lactobionic acid, citric acid, orotic acid and oxamide were extracted by the S-plot as potential biomarkers of the metabolic difference between lactation and non-lactation. The TCA cycle, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, glutamate metabolism and glycine metabolism were determined to be pathways that were significantly impacted (P < 0.01, impact value >0.1) in the lactation group. Among them, the TCA cycle was the most up-regulated pathway (P < 0.0001), with 7 of the 10 related metabolites increased in the MG tissues of the lactating cows.
The overall biofluid and MG tissue metabolic mechanisms in the lactating cows were interpreted in this study. Our findings are the first to provide an integrated insight and a better understanding of the metabolic mechanism of lactation, which is beneficial for developing regulated strategies to improve the metabolic status of lactating dairy cows.
Background: Between 30% and 80% of US parents perceive their milk is insufficient to meet their infants nutritional needs and parents with obesity are less likely to start breastfeeding. This study ...aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of 1-month daily-intake of lactation cookies (LC) on changes in milk production (MP). We also explored whether BMI status influenced MP. Methods: A 1-month randomized controlled trial (clincialtrials.gov NCT04805008) was implemented among 176 exclusively lactating US adults of healthy 2-month-old infants. Participants were randomized to eat daily 56.5 g of LC with galactagogues (oatmeal, brewers yeast, flax seeds, and fenugreek), or placebo cookies lacking galactagogues. Here we present new data beyond those we have published. Results: Among 176 randomized participants ages 31.3 ± 5.8 years, 51.1%, (n = 90) completed endline MP measures. Imputed, adjusted models showed a mean increase in milk production rates of 5.8 mL/h ± 15.7 in the control group, and 5.5 mL/h ± 17.6 in the LC group after 1 month of being instructed to consume 1 daily bag of cookies. No significant differences were observed with adjusted linear mixed models on the multiply imputed data comparing baseline-to-endline changes in MP rates by randomization group: mean (standard error) difference-in-differences for MP rates, -0.33 (4.97), p = 0.948, or within BMI categories in general: <25 kg/m2 = 3.5 (10.9), p = 0.752; 25- < 30 kg/m2 = 6.3 (17.4), p = 0.718; 30- < 40 kg/m2 = 6.6 (21.1), p = 0.754; and > 40 kg/m2 = 8.75 (22.0), p = 0.692. The interaction between BMI and time was also not significant for milk production rates, p = 0.254. Conclusions: No statistically significant evidence for an effect of consuming LC for 30 days in increasing MP overall. BMI does not appear associated with MP in this sample. LC may be delivering false hope to parents, unnecessary expense, inhibition of post-pregnancy weight loss, and reduced intake of healthier foods at a key time.
Despite recommendations from the World Health Organization and the American Academy of Pediatrics to exclusively breastfeed infants for their first 6 months of life, 75% of women do not meet ...exclusive breastfeeding guidelines, and 60% do not meet their own breastfeeding goals. Numerous observational studies have linked maternal psychological distress (eg, perceived stress, anxiety, and depression) with nonoptimal breastfeeding outcomes, such as decreased proportion and duration of exclusive breastfeeding. The physiological mechanisms underlying these associations, however, remain unclear.
For this narrative review, we evaluated the evidence of relationships between maternal psychological distress and lactation and breastfeeding outcomes in pregnancy and post partum and the possible physiological mechanisms that facilitate these relationships. We searched PubMed using the following terms: stress, anxiety, depression, breastfeeding, and lactation. Additional search by hand was conducted to ensure a thorough review of the literature.
Among the studies examined, methods used to assess maternal psychological distress were not uniform, with some studies examining perceived distress via a variety of validated tools and others measuring biological measures of distress, such as cortisol. Evidence supports a role for psychological distress in multiple breastfeeding outcomes, including delayed secretory activation and decreased duration of exclusive breastfeeding. One physiological mechanism proposed to explain these relationships is that psychological distress may impair the release of oxytocin, a hormone that plays a critical role in milk ejection during lactation. Continued impairment of milk ejection may lead to decreased milk production because of incomplete emptying of the breast during each feed. Maternal distress may also yield elevated levels of serum cortisol and decreased insulin sensitivity, which are associated with decreased milk production. The relationship between psychological distress and breastfeeding is likely to be bidirectional, however, in that breastfeeding appears to reduce maternal distress, again possibly via effects on the pleasure or reward pathway and calming effects of oxytocin on the mother. This finding suggests that interventions to support lactation and breastfeeding goals in women who score high on measures of psychological distress would be beneficial for both maternal and infant well-being.
Evidence to date suggests that maternal psychological distress may impair lactation and breastfeeding outcomes, but stronger study designs and rigorous assessment methods are needed. A better understanding of the physiological mechanisms leading to impaired lactation may assist in the development of early interventions for mothers experiencing distress. In addition, stress-reducing programs and policies should be investigated for their potential to improve breastfeeding outcomes.
The exponential growth in knowledge has resulted in a better understanding of the lactation process in a wide variety of animals. However, the underlying genetic mechanisms are not yet clearly known. ...In order to identify the mechanisms involved in the lactation process, various mehods, including meta-analysis, weighted gene co-express network analysis (WGCNA), hub genes identification, gene ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment at before peak (BP), peak (P), and after peak (AP) stages of the lactation processes have been employed. A total of 104, 85, and 26 differentially expressed genes were identified based on PB vs. P, BP vs. AP, and P vs. AP comparisons, respectively. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that DEGs were significantly enriched in the "ubiquitin-dependent ERAD" and the "chaperone cofactor-dependent protein refolding" in BP vs. P and P vs. P, respectively. WGCNA identified five significant functional modules related to the lactation process. Moreover, GJA1, AP2A2, and NPAS3 were defined as hub genes in the identified modules, highlighting the importance of their regulatory impacts on the lactation process. The findings of this study provide new insights into the complex regulatory networks of the lactation process at three distinct stages, while suggesting several candidate genes that may be useful for future animal breeding programs. Furthermore, this study supports the notion that in combination with a meta-analysis, the WGCNA represents an opportunity to achieve a higher resolution analysis that can better predict the most important functional genes that might provide a more robust bio-signature for phenotypic traits, thus providing more suitable biomarker candidates for future studies.
Drugs in Lactation Anderson, Philip O.
Pharmaceutical research,
03/2018, Letnik:
35, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
One impediment to breastfeeding is the lack of information on the use of many drugs during lactation, especially newer ones. The principles of drug passage into breastmilk are well established, but ...have often not been optimally applied prospectively. Commonly used preclinical rodent models for determining drug excretion into milk are very unreliable because of marked differences in milk composition and transporters compared to those of humans. Measurement of drug concentrations in humans remains the gold standard, but computer modeling is promising. New FDA labeling requirements present an opportunity to apply modeling to preclinical drug development in place of conventional animal testing for drug excretion into breastmilk, which should improve the use of medications in nursing mothers.