N.K. Jemisin’s speculative tropes in The City We Became capture a significant legal reality: the entanglement of legal personhood with jurisdiction and how the powers of jurisdiction are often ...exercised in racial directions. This article juxtaposes her novel with canonical case law, re-reading Dred Scott v. Sandford, Plessy v. Ferguson, and Parents Involved in Cmty. Sch. v. Seattle Sch. Dist. No. 1 in order to show how speculative imaginings intertwine jurisdiction with the racialized legitimation of certain selves. The City We Became critiques the ways in which we overlook these entanglements of personhood and jurisdiction and offers new ways of envisioning collectivity.
The Law Of The Upload Marinotti, João; Lubin, Asaf
Belphégor,
01/2024, Letnik:
22
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
In April 2020, Amazon released a new comedy series called “Upload.” The show extrapolates a future in which human consciousness is successfully simulated in silico. In this world, individuals pay to ...be “uploaded” into a digital afterlife. When uploaded, human consciousness is converted into data and executable code, which can be edited, reset, or even deleted depending on each upload’s membership and payment plan. The show breaks the boundaries between reality and virtual reality, consciousness and artificial intelligence, and even life and afterlife, entangling existing legal questions in novel ways. By addressing three of these legal issues, we hope to highlight how science fiction may help launch a more nuanced conversation about what is artificial in artificial intelligence, what is virtual in virtual reality, and what is digital in digital rights. We argue that becoming early adopters of a new reconceptualized language around “us” and “them”, the “self” and the “other,” can perhaps future proof our society from the technological perils that await us.
We provide a descriptive comparative analysis of features related to emergence and design among 14 Rights of Nature (RoN) case studies worldwide. For analysis, we develop a schematic roadmap in which ...we categorise RoN into case studies with public guardianship and ones with appointed guardians (termed Environmental Legal Personhoods (ELPs) with further sub-categories of indirect, direct and living ELPs). Our findings suggest that RoN case studies emerged under similar circumstances where existing governance structures had been unable to protect natural environments from continued economic (urban, agricultural and industrial) activity by multiple economic actors. The strong role of local community and Indigenous Peoples in advocacy for RoN point to a divide between in situ communities and external economic agents, allowing for eco-centric value systems to emerge in juxtaposition to existing governance structures. We find that the design of RoN, however, varies in geographical entity, legal framework, legal status and guardianship. Poorly defined liability of guardians and economic agents have led to the overturning of two case studies, which stands in contrast to well-defined rights and liabilities in other case studies, suggesting that attention to liability may be an important building block for the effectiveness of RoN to protect biodiversity.
Actualmente, un conjunto de países reconoce y otorgan a la naturaleza o a determinados exosistemas (ríos, bosques…) la condición de persona jurídica, con el fin de proteger y conservar el medio. Este ...reconocimiento se ha realizado no solo por ley, sino también por medio de la jurisprudencia de tribunales superiores. España ha sido el primer país del continente europeo y de la región mediterránea que ha introducido este nuevo mecanismo de protección en su ordenamiento jurídico para proteger un humedal costero. En el presente artículo, estudiaremos este caso a partir de los compromisos internacionales adquiridos por España (en particular la obligación de proteger) y del derecho comparado. En este sentido, se prestará especial atención a la práctica legal y jurisprudencial seguida en otros países en los que también se ha reconocido derechos a la naturaleza.
Artificially intelligent machines are increasingly capable of accomplishing tasks that have until now been considered exclusively human abilities. One such task is the ability to invent. In 2021, an ...Australian court became the first court in the world to recognise an Artificially Intelligent system as the inventor in a patent application, raising the question of whether AI systems could be considered the responsible actor of their actions, instead of the human using the AI. This paper examines the question of autonomy: how the concept of autonomy underpins the granting of legal rights to humans, and whether it is justified to grant legal rights to AI systems that are autonomous. We propose that there are two distinct and separate concepts of autonomy, Person Autonomy and Machine Autonomy, and that this distinction can guide how the law should treat AI systems.
In this paper we provide an analysis of the concept of legal personality and discuss whether personality may be conferred on artificial intelligence systems (AIs). Legal personality will be presented ...as a doctrinal category that holds together bundles of rights and obligations; as a result, we first frame it as a node of inferential links between factual preconditions and legal effects. However, this inferentialist reading does not account for the 'background reasons' of legal personality, i.e., it does not explain why we cluster different situations under this doctrinal category and how extra-legal information is integrated into it. We argue that one way to account for this background is to adopt a neoinstitutional perspective and to update the ontology of legal concepts with a further layer, the meta-institutional one. We finally argue that meta-institutional concepts can also support us in finding an equilibrium around the legal-policy choices that are involved in including (or not including) AIs among legal persons.
This paper seeks to investigate the proposal to create a legal (electronic) personhood for robots with artificial intelligence based on the European Parliament resolution with recommendations on ...Civil Law and Robotics. To this end, we highlight the various risks and problems present in this type of initiative, especially in view of the current trend of expanding legal subjectivity in various jurisdictions. In addition to an anthropomorphic rhetoric, we can observe the prevalence of a pragmatic line that seeks to be guided, mainly, by the model of corporations, without taking into account, however, problems present in the process of embodiment of companies and the particular function of the term legal person in the grammar of Law.
Um dos grandes debates jurídicos da atualidade consiste na atribuiçâo de personalidade jurídica aos bens ambientais, como rios, lagos, montanhas. Alguns países editaram normas legais reconhecendo os ...bens naturais - ou o meio ambiente de forma geral - como entes com personalidade jurídica, criando, assim, situaçöes inovadoras no gerenciamento e proteçâo dos recursos naturais. Tendo em vista tais exemplos, este trabalho visa analisar a possibilidade de atribuiçâo de personalidade jurídica aos bens ambientais, estudar as experiencias estrangeiras e, por fim, considerar a possibilidade de sua aplicaçâo no direito brasileiro.
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