This paper aims to critically appraise the incorporation of opium poppy into medical practice in Song-dynasty China. By analysing materia medica and formularies, along with non-medical sources from ...the Song period, this study sheds light on the role of Chinese Buddhist monasteries in the process of incorporation of foreign plants into Chinese medicine. It argues that Buddhist monasteries played a significant role in the evolution of the use of opium poppy in Song dynasty medicine. This is because the consumption practices in Buddhist monasteries inspired substantial changes in the medical application of the flower during the Southern Song dynasty. While, at the beginning of Song dynasty, court scholars incorporated opium poppy into official materia medica in order to treat disorders such as huangdan and xiaoke
, as well as cinnabar poisoning, this study of the later Song medical treatises shows how opium poppy was repurposed to treat symptoms such as diarrhoea, coughing and spasms. Such a shift in the medical use of the poppy occurred after Chinese literati and doctors became acquainted with the role of the flower in the diet and medical practices of Buddhist monks across China. Therefore, the case study of the medical application of opium poppy during the Song dynasty provides us with insights into how the spread of certain practices in Buddhist monasteries might have contributed to the change in both professional medical practices and daily-life healthcare in local communities in that period.
Confucian academies (sŏwŏn 書院) became in post-liberation North Korea subject of a complex political and intellectual debate motivated by the needs of the new regime to reevaluate the Korean past ...according to the ideological framework of Marxism-Leninism. Confucian academies were designated as institutions belonging to the past feudal order and as such their traditional functioning was severed and liquidated. On the other hand, they were to a certain degree recognized as cultural relics belonging to the people of the DPRK, and North Korean scholars have devoted considerable effort to describing the role of Confucian academies within traditional Korean society. The present study analyzes North Korean discursive strategies concerning Confucian academies during the 1950s and 1960s. It focuses on both popular and academic depictions of these educational, religious, and political institutions.
In the early Ming (1368-1644), the founding emperor Zhu Yuanzhang (朱元璋, 1328-1398, r. 1368-1398) established more than twenty princedoms across the empire. Scholarship to date has generally ...emphasized the continuance of the Yuan (1271-1368) institutions into the early Ming. Apart from the endurance of Yuan legacy, this article addresses how Zhu Yuanzhang ideologically framed and justified the establishment of princedoms. By showing the possible influences of Southern Song (1127-1279) statecraft traditions on early Ming legislation, this article argues that Zhu Yuanzhang sought to construct the enduring system of government by drawing on the classic model of "divide and rule," as suggested in the Confucian Classics. In their turn, the literati who advised Zhu Yuanzhang in the making of the Ming empire sought to secure their own realms of autonomy and influence in local society by upholding the fengjian doctrine and presenting themselves as the later counterparts of the ancient feudal vassals who "shared" in the governance of their country and "ruled" on behalf of their emperors.
In this article I propose a critical examination of van Gulik's The Lore of the Chinese Lute (LCL) in respect to its bibliographical sources and consequent aesthetic contentions. Despite being ...arguably the first academic monograph on the ideology of qin and historically a major non-Chinese source for the study of qin in general, the LCL does not represent van Gulik's mature thinking on qin. The LCL is limited by objective circumstances surrounding its writing and flaws in van Gulik's bibliographical engagement. His study of the musicology of Yueji on the basis of inaccurate translation and a neglect of the Neo-Confucian reading of Yueji, his hypothesis of Daoist dominance and Buddhist or Indian influence in the practice of qin with mistaken evidence, his skepticism of the truth of the literati tradition with fundamental bibliographical flaws, all require reconsideration. The current lacuna in the critical investigation of the LCL not only urges contemporary researchers to continue where van Gulik left off, but also calls for new research projects on qin and Chinese literati music in general.
This article explores, from a perspective informed by Social Memory studies, memories of kings of Judah (/Israel) in three different corpora (the Deuteronomistic Historical Collection, the Prophetic ...Book Collection and Chronicles). It draws attention to the interdependence between memories of kings and other characters populating the world of memory evoked by each of these corpora and explores the ways in which the worlds of memory evoked by each of them interacted, informed and balanced each other within what we may call the "comprehensive mnemonic system" of the literati. The article sheds light on generative grammars governing systems of preferences and dis-preferences for certain types of memories of kings in each of the corpora and across them, and at times, even across cultures, and highlights that the world of memory of the Yehudite literati of the late Persian/early Hellenistic period was shaped by a consistency of inconsistency, and an overall coherence manifested through a seeming lack thereof that served well the social reproduction of the group.
LanD Studio is a Nanjing‐based think‐tank for place‐making that carries out design research in real conditions. Guest‐Editor Andong Lu, who co‐founded the studio with fellow former Cambridge ...University researcher and Guest‐Editor Pingping Dou, introduces its form of working through recent installations and interventions that embrace architectural renovation, exhibitions, participatory performance and mass‐media activities. Architecture here becomes a meaningful experience that connects people to each other and to their environment.
Historians of both literati culture and art history have long been aware that Buddhist monasteries served as sites for appreciation of the visual arts. This study examines the role of the ...appreciation of art, particularly painting and calligraphy, in Buddhist monasteries during the height of the Jurchen Jin 金 dynasty (1115-1234). The identity of civil elites in northern China during this period drew on multiple cultural precedents, including primarily the Liao and Northern Song, each of which provided a model of lay elite involvement in Buddhist monasteries. By their society's period of greatest prosperity and creativity in the late twelfth century, Jin elites had created a new repertoire of practices that adapted elements of both traditions while adding innovations that would then inform Chinese society under Mongol rule and in later periods. The detailed account provided by the diaries of Wang Ji 王寂 (1127?-1193) allows careful extrapolation from the briefer, more fragmentary writings left by other Jin literati, offering some indication of what types of paintings and calligraphy, by what artists, might have been found in what types of monasteries, in what condition they might be, and how literati visitors might respond to them in those settings.
After having enjoyed its heyday during the Six Dynasties, the zhiguai genre gradually declined in popularity in the realm of Chinese literature. Although some famous zhiguai collections were ...published in later dynasties, they merely belonged to the marginal literary stream. However, the zhiguai writing reached two obvious pinnacles in the Qing dynasty: The first took place at the end of the 18th century and the second in the last quarter of the 19th century. These pinnacles can be defined as the "revival of zhiguai." Some scholars only have unilaterally discussed this issue. This article will, by examining some zhiguai collections that have not yet received much attention from previous scholars, examine the reasons why the zhiguai writing revived in the Qing dynasty and how the frustrated literati consequently led the zhiguai to flourish.
Modernity need not be synonymous with ion or with a lack of cultural resonance. The art of China's historical literate elite, and the environments they surrounded themselves with, are ripe with ...inspiration for a formal language that is relevant today. The academic group Arcadia and the related design practice Zaoyuan Gardening Studio have been investigating how aspects of these artificial landscapes might spur a new poetics in Chinese architecture. Two of Arcadia's founders, Xin Wang and Qiuye Jin, describe their work – spanning teaching, research and built projects.
이 연구의 목적은 문인화가 어떻게 "문인화의 사기"에서 "신인문화의 반문화"로 의미가 변화했는가를 추적하는 것이다. 명말의 동기창에 의하여 정립된 문인화는 역사와 시대 속에서 어떻게 변화하였는가. 그리고 개혁개방과 함께 출현한 신문인화는 왜 기존의 문인화에 대항하여 반문화적인 구호를 제출하였으며 그것의 특점은 무엇이며 이러한 것들은 중국동시대미술의 ...맥락에서 어떻게 이해해야 할 것인가 등이 본고의 문제의식이다. 신문인화는 기존의 문인화와의 관계속에서 의미를 파생하고 획득한다. 이런 특점에 근거하여 본고는 연구방법은 기존의 연구자료를 상호텍스트적 맥락에서 읽는 것이다. 아울러 핼 포스터의 “변위(Parallax)” 개념의 적극적인 수용도 그러한 맥락에서이다. 논의의 순조로운 진행을 위하여 Ⅱ장에서 문인화의 근간인 사기(士气)와 문인화의 일련의 특점을 언급하고자 한다. 3장 1절에서 서구문화의 충격과 함께 19세기 말부터 문인화가 어떻게 각색되었는지를 살펴볼 것이며, 2절에서는 1949년 이후 예술의 정치화에 따른 문인화의 개조운동을 살펴보고자 한다. 4장의 논의초점은 신문인화가 새로운 역사사회 환경 속에서 어떤 구조적 변화와 의미지층의 변동을 수반했는가의 두면서, 신문인화의 반(反)문화적 특징을 살펴볼 것이다. 잠정적 결론으로 신문인화를 전통문인화와의 대별구도 속에서, 서구문화와의 충돌 속에서 그리고 문화권력구조의 수열관계 속에서 복합적으로 연구되어야 한다. 아울러 신문인화의 반문화적인 인소를 포함한 일련의 특징은 동시대상황 속에서의 중국사회의 역사와 문화적 상황을 복합적이고 중층적이고 양가적으로 드러내 보인다. 끝으로 본고가 (신)문인화연구자들에게 참고문헌 역할을 하길 기대해본다.
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the change of the meanings of literati paintings in the context of the evolution from the “morale” of literati paintings to the “anti-culture” of neo-literati paintings. More specifically, it focuses on the semantic change from the definition of literati-paintings by Tung Chi-chang in the end of Ming Dynasty to the change of its meanings in different historic periods. It also aims at answering the questions, such as, what causes the neo-literati paintings to put forward the anti-cultural slogans against the conventional literati painting; what the features of the neo-literati paintings are; and how to understand the change of the meanings in the context of contemporary Chinese arts. The meanings of neo-literati paintings are derived from and generated in the relationship with the conventional literati paintings. Due to such particularity, the research method of this paper is to study the previous researches in the intertextual context. It is in the same context to appropriate Hal Foster’s “Parallax”. Chapter II deals with the definition of morale, which is the basis of the literati paintings, and the features of literati-paintings. Then, the first section of chapter III investigates the formation of the literati paintings at the shock of Euro-culture in the end of 19th century, while the second section analyzes the reform movement of literati paintings in the period of art politicization after 1949. Chapter IV studies the features of anti-culture in neo-literati paintings with the analysis of the structural and semantic changes under new historical conditions. The tentative conclusion is that the neo-literati paintings should be studied not only in the contrast with the conventional literati paintings, but also in the context of the conflict with European culture, and with the relationship of cultural power structure. In this sense, the features including that of the anti-culture would reveal the historical and cultural changes of Chinese society in the contemporary period within their complexity, multiplicity, and ambiguity. The significance of this study is to provide the reference for the researchers who might study on (neo)-literati paintings in the future.
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