This article is devoted to the study of Japanese loanwords in Chinese and their classification. Particular attention is paid to the lexical units in writing in Chinese characters, coming from the ...Japanese language as graphic loanwords in modern Chinese and Japanese, popular on the Chinese-language Internet. The material of the study is loanwords of Japanese origin, selected from dictionaries and scientific works on this topic, as well as word usage in messages on Russian and Chinese Internet forums. We distinguish between two types of Japanese loanwords in Chinese according to how they are borrowed: phonetic and graphic borrowed words. Graphic borrowed from the Japanese language, including the actual Japanese words spelled in Chinese characters, and words created by the Japanese using Chinese characters to convey tokens of other languages, as well as the words of the ancient Chinese language, rethought by the Japanese to create terms, then returned back to modern Chinese language, constitute a characteristic group of graphic loanwords in Chinese.
In this article, three Indo-European loan etymologies for Uralic kinship terms meaning 'sister', 'daughter' and 'brother' are discussed and a thorough etymological analysis of the words is given ...based on the latest research. An attempt is made to try and untangle the multitude of ways in which the relationship of these words can be interpreted and to provide the most probable scenario for whence the words entered the lexicons of Uralic languages. Both the phonological and the semantic side - which has often been greatly neglected in Uralic etymology - of the loan etymologies are explored.
In the process of compound truncation for loanwords in Japanese, the most common form is to take the first two moras of each component word. However, when the second mora of the first component ...contains a long sound, it may be shortened. It has been argued that two principles operate in the formation of shortened words: energy conservation and recoverability. Word truncation is the process of attempting to shorten a word, but if the word is shortened too much, the original word cannot be recovered. This idea leads to the hypothesis that when recoverability is highly demanded, people would attempt to shorten a long sound while preserving the information in the next mora. We conducted an experiment using nonce words and analyzed a database of real words, which revealed that shortening is rather reduced under conditions where recoverability is highly demanded. Shortening tended to be more frequent for meaningful words that should be recoverable compared to nonwords. Additionally, shortening was observed in cases where shortened forms resulted in more phonologically competing items. We reanalyzed the results from the perspective that phonologically similar words are more accessible as they gain more activation in the mental lexicon. We found that words with more phonological neighbors were more likely to be shortened when they were longer than average. This pattern was also supported by an experiment with nonce words. The results were interpreted in the view of preference for accessibility over recoverability in the process of compound word truncation.
This paper provides an analysis of the stress patterns of loanwords of Japanese origin in English. The ctree function of the party package in R is used to create classification trees. The stress ...pattern is not immediately obvious, so the algorithm is used to discover the significant predictor variables and create a classification tree. This illustration displays the stress pattern in a straightforward manner. The determining factor for the stress assignment of Japanese loanwords in English is syllable weight and vowel sonority. The presence of a final coda is the significant variable for the stress assignment in two-syllable loanwords, whereas vowel sonority is the significant variable for stress assignment in three and four-syllable loanwords. This provides support for Kenstowicz’s 1997 and deLacy’s 2002 universal sonority hierarchy.
This paper examines the two-way interaction of perceptual and production factors in the light of resolving French and English loan structures in Kirundi. The investigation is framed within the view ...that loanword adaptation results from attempts to match the non-native perception of the L2 input, within the confines of the L1 grammar. Neither a purely perceptual nor a purely grammatical account can explain the facts. Based on 239 French and 44 English corpora of loans, this study examines loanword adaptation at both the phonemic and the phonotactic levels. We prove how the constraint-ranking Optimality Theory (OT) can account for the phonological adaptations of loans but with limitations. The adaptation cannot be fully understood unless perceptual similarity and auditory factors are integrated in the grammar. This study enriches our understanding of the role of perceptual similarity and perceptual salience in phonology and their relationship to constraint ranking.
The volume explores the history of language contact between Italy and Anglophone countries and illustrates the phenomenon of lexical borrowing. Types of borrowings are discussed on the basis of a ...usage-based list of Anglicisms, which is part of a multilingual project (GLAD – Global Anglicism Database). It is addressed to scholars and non-experts interested in the input of English words into Italian.
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